ANKZF1 is a cytosolic tRNA endonuclease in the ribosome-associated quality-control pathway. It acts after stalled-ribosome splitting on 60S ribosome-nascent-chain complexes, cleaving the terminal 3'-CCA region of P-site peptidyl-tRNA to release incomplete nascent polypeptides for degradation and to generate tRNA repair intermediates that can be recycled. ANKZF1 also binds VCP/p97 and has a stress-responsive mitochondrial context, translocating to mitochondria under oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial integrity.
| GO Term | Evidence | Action | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
|
GO:0036503
ERAD pathway
|
IBA
GO_REF:0000033 |
REMOVE |
Summary: Remove. The phylogenetic transfer appears to over-project a Vms1/Cdc48 quality-control relationship into ERAD. Human ANKZF1 evidence supports cytosolic ribosome-associated quality control and oxidative-stress mitochondrial context, not direct endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation.
Reason: The experimentally supported conserved function is cleavage of peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes, with downstream nascent-chain degradation. That is distinct from the ERAD pathway.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
ANKZF1 does not function as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.
PMID:31011209
ANKZF1 and Vms1p sever
|
|
GO:0005737
cytoplasm
|
IEA
GO_REF:0000044 |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct broad localization. UniProt and the oxidative-stress study place ANKZF1 in the cytoplasm, with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation.
Reason: Cytoplasm is a valid broad cellular component for ANKZF1, although the core RQC activity is more specifically cytosolic.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
|
|
GO:0005515
protein binding
|
IPI
PMID:22190034 Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes. |
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED |
Summary: Over-annotated. The source is a large-scale HIV-host interaction study and the generic protein binding term does not describe ANKZF1's biochemical role.
Reason: Generic protein binding is uninformative for ANKZF1. A biologically relevant interaction is VCP/p97 binding through the VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R, defined in Stapf et al. 2011, which identified ANKZF1/ZNF744 as a VIM-containing p97 cofactor), but this HIV AP-MS annotation should not be treated as core function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:22190034
physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host
|
|
GO:0072344
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
|
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948299 |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. Reactome places ANKZF1 in the RQC pathway, where it cleaves the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA on stalled-ribosome 60S complexes.
Reason: Rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosomes is a core biological process for ANKZF1 because its tRNA cleavage releases nascent chains from 60S RQC complexes.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
ANKZF1, which interacts with VCP, cleaves the C-terminal
|
|
GO:0004521
RNA endonuclease activity
|
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427 |
MODIFY |
Summary: The activity is correct but the more specific term tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity better captures ANKZF1's substrate and reaction.
Reason: Reactome describes cleavage of the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA. Use the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term rather than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
ANKZF1 cleaves the C-terminal 3 nucleotides, CCA, of the tRNA
|
|
GO:0005829
cytosol
|
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427 |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. The RQC substrate and Reactome event are cytosolic ribosome-nascent-chain complexes.
Reason: Cytosol is the best core cellular component for the RQC tRNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) disassembles aberrantly stalled
|
|
GO:0004521
RNA endonuclease activity
|
IDA
PMID:30244831 Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain... |
MODIFY |
Summary: The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
Reason: Kuroha et al. showed that ANKZF1 induces specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P-site tRNA, so a tRNA-specific ribonuclease term is more informative than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
|
|
GO:0004521
RNA endonuclease activity
|
IDA
PMID:31011209 Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes. |
MODIFY |
Summary: The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
Reason: The paper identifies precise cleavage of the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes, matching tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity more closely than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
|
|
GO:0006515
protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
|
IDA
PMID:29632312 Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent cha... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. ANKZF1 acts in ribosome-associated quality control to release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes for degradation.
Reason: This term captures the protein-quality-control outcome of ANKZF1's RQC activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29632312
Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress
|
|
GO:0006515
protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
|
IDA
PMID:30244831 Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. The mammalian RQC reconstitution links ANKZF1-mediated tRNA cleavage to release of nascent chains that can be degraded by the proteasome.
Reason: ANKZF1 directly supports quality control of aberrant translation products in RQC.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
|
|
GO:0006515
protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
|
IDA
PMID:31011209 Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes. |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. Cleavage of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins for proteasomal degradation.
Reason: The activity is a core protein quality-control step for incompletely synthesized polypeptides on stalled ribosomes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins from 60S ribosomal subunits for proteasomal
|
|
GO:0006515
protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
|
IDA
PMID:32075755 ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. ELAC1 repair work confirms ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage during ribosome stalling in mammalian cells.
Reason: The paper supports ANKZF1 as a cellular RQC factor whose cleavage products are repaired and recycled after stalled-ribosome events.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates
|
|
GO:0072344
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
|
IDA
PMID:29632312 Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent cha... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. Purified human ANKZF1 can act on stalled-ribosome peptidyl-tRNA substrates in the conserved RQC release step.
Reason: The annotation captures the RQC/ribosome-rescue context of the ANKZF1 activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29632312
Purified Ankzf1
|
|
GO:0072344
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
|
IDA
PMID:30244831 Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. In vitro mammalian RQC reconstitution shows ANKZF1 acting on 60S-bound P-site tRNA after stalled-ribosome processing.
Reason: ANKZF1-mediated cleavage of 60S RQC complexes is a direct stalled-ribosome rescue step.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
Here, we reconstituted the mammalian RQC pathway in vitro
|
|
GO:0072344
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
|
IDA
PMID:31011209 Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes. |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs from stalled ribosomes by cleaving the terminal 3'CCA region.
Reason: This is a direct mechanistic description of the stalled-ribosome rescue role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs
|
|
GO:0072344
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
|
IDA
PMID:32075755 ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. The ELAC1 study describes ANKZF1 cleavage of P-site tRNA as a key RQC step after ribosome stalling.
Reason: The annotation is directly supported by stalled-ribosome RQC evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
RQC is the cleavage of P-site tRNA by the endonuclease ANKZF1
|
|
GO:0140101
catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
|
IDA
PMID:30244831 Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain... |
MODIFY |
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1's activity is specifically tRNA ribonuclease cleavage in the 60S RQC substrate context.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
|
|
GO:0140101
catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
|
IDA
PMID:31011209 Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes. |
MODIFY |
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. The paper supports precise tRNA cleavage rather than an unspecified tRNA catalytic activity.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
terminal 3'CCA nucleotides universal to all tRNAs
|
|
GO:0140101
catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
|
IDA
PMID:32075755 ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali... |
MODIFY |
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1 is a tRNA endonuclease in RQC, not merely a generic enzyme acting on tRNA.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Proposed replacements:
tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
|
|
GO:0005737
cytoplasm
|
IDA
PMID:28302725 Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations... |
ACCEPT |
Summary: Correct. The disease/stress paper reports diffuse cytoplasmic localization with translocation to mitochondria under cellular stress.
Reason: Cytoplasm is experimentally supported, though the main RQC activity is cytosolic.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
|
|
GO:0070301
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide
|
IMP
PMID:28302725 Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations... |
KEEP AS NON CORE |
Summary: Supported but non-core. ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria during oxidative stress and loss of ANKZF1 affects mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress.
Reason: Hydrogen-peroxide response is an experimentally observed stress phenotype and localization context, but the best-supported core molecular function is RQC-associated tRNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress
|
|
GO:0016020
membrane
|
HDA
PMID:19946888 Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells. |
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED |
Summary: Over-annotated. The source is a high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteome and does not establish ANKZF1 as a membrane protein.
Reason: UniProt and direct ANKZF1 studies support cytoplasmic/cytosolic localization with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation, not stable membrane residence.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19946888
transiently associated with membranes
|
Q: Does human ANKZF1 directly drive catabolism of mitochondrial proteins, or is the mitochondrial connection limited to stress-dependent localization and mitochondrial integrity phenotypes downstream of its RQC/VCP biology?
Suggested experts: Siu Sylvia Lee, Shin-ichi Kuroha, Sichen Shao
Q: In mammalian cells, does ANKZF1 act on mitochondria-targeted stalled nascent chains through the same cytosolic RQC substrate state, or through a distinct organelle-proximal mechanism?
Suggested experts: Siu Sylvia Lee, Sichen Shao
Q: Is the VCP/p97 interaction via the ANKZF1 VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R) required for ANKZF1's RQC nascent-chain release activity in cells, and should ANKZF1 carry a specific VCP/p97-binding molecular-function annotation rather than only generic protein binding?
Suggested experts: Alexander Buchberger, Sichen Shao
Q: Does ANKZF1-mediated RQC limit toxic repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products in neurons through its canonical tRNA-cleavage/nascent-chain release activity, and is this dependent on catalytic activity rather than a scaffolding role?
Suggested experts: Peter K Todd, Sami J Barmada
Experiment: In endogenous ANKZF1 knockout cells rescued with wild-type, catalytic-dead, and VIM-mutant ANKZF1, compare turnover of defined mitochondrial protein quality-control substrates with turnover of stalled cytosolic RQC reporters after oxidative stress and translation-stall induction.
Hypothesis: ANKZF1's mitochondrial stress phenotype is separable from direct mitochondrial protein catabolism.
Type: genetic rescue and quantitative protein-turnover assay
Experiment: Use reporters encoding mitochondrial-targeting sequences followed by defined ribosome-stalling motifs, then assay ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage intermediates, nascent-chain ubiquitination, VCP dependence, and subcellular localization of the stalled complexes.
Hypothesis: ANKZF1 acts on mitochondria-targeted translation products only after they enter the canonical cytosolic RQC substrate state.
Type: stalled-translation reporter assay
The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.
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ANKZF1 (also published as ZNF744) is the human ortholog of yeast Vms1, and the retrieved literature consistently uses this identity in the context of ribosome-associated quality control (RQC), p97/VCP cofactor biology, and stress-responsive mitochondrial quality control (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2). ANKZF1 is therefore the correct human target corresponding to the UniProt accession Q9H8Y5 provided by the user.
A key identity-defining feature is the presence of a VCP/p97-interacting motif (VIM) within ANKZF1/ZNF744, which binds the N-terminal domain of p97/VCP; this motif family was formalized by a minimal consensus RX5AAX2R, and ANKZF1/ZNF744 is explicitly included among VIM-containing p97 cofactors (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1).
RQC is a conserved surveillance system that resolves stalled translation and targets incomplete nascent polypeptides for clearance. In mammals, stalled/collided ribosomes are recognized by the E3 ligase ZNF598, which ubiquitinates 40S proteins and promotes downstream splitting into a peptidylโtRNAโbound 60S complex that becomes a substrate for RQC processing (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2).
Across primary and review literature, ANKZF1 is positioned as the factor that liberates nascent chains from 60S peptidylโtRNA complexes during RQC, enabling subsequent p97/VCP-driven extraction and proteasomal degradation of aberrant translation products (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).
A mechanistic point of emphasis is that ANKZF1 is best-supported as a tRNA-cleaving endonuclease-like activity acting on the acceptor arm/CCA end of P-site peptidylโtRNAs on 60S RQC complexes, rather than a canonical eRF1-like peptidylโtRNA hydrolase in mammals (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3). This difference has led to mixed terminology (โpeptidylโtRNA hydrolaseโ in some reviews vs โtRNA endonuclease/acceptor-arm cleavageโ in reconstitution studies), but both descriptions converge on the same functional outcome: release of the nascent chain from the tRNA/60S complex as a prerequisite for clearance (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5).
The experimentally supported substrate is the peptidylโtRNA resident on stalled 60S ribosomeโnascent chain complexes that arise after stalled ribosomes are split and RQC factors assemble (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).
Evidence supports that ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA 3โฒ end / acceptor-arm region, removing the universally conserved CCA (positions 74โ76) and generating a tRNA product that carries a 2โฒ,3โฒ-cyclic phosphate at the discriminator base N73 (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).
A quantitative detail from in vitro mammalian reconstitution is that the released ubiquitinated nascent chain can remain linked to a short 3โฒ terminal tRNA remnant; one reported value is four 3โฒ-terminal tRNA nucleotides remaining attached to released ubiquitinated nascent chains (UbโNCs) (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2). Other mechanistic frameworks/reviews reiterate release of UbโNCs linked to three 3โฒ terminal nucleotides (miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2), highlighting that the exact remnant length can be described slightly differently depending on experimental context and citation lineage.
Because ANKZF1 cleavage generates a noncanonical tRNA end (including a cyclic phosphate), the tRNA must be repaired before reuse. In mammals, ELAC1 is supported as the repair enzyme: purified ELAC1 can process the cyclic-phosphate-ended tRNA species into a form that becomes a substrate for the CCA-adding enzyme TRNT1, enabling tRNA recycling (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6).
A current mammalian pathway model consistent with the retrieved evidence is:
A visual summary of this mechanism (contrasting ANKZF1-mediated processing with Ptrh1-mediated release of non-ubiquitinated substrates) is shown in the graphical abstract of Kuroha et al. 2018 (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated media cd140b48).
ANKZF1 contains a VIM that mediates interaction with p97/VCP. The motif consensus RX5AAX2R was defined as a minimal p97-binding element, and experimental approaches including pull-downs, yeast two-hybrid, and NMR mapping support VIM-mediated binding to the p97 N-domain (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4). This interaction is central to positioning ANKZF1 within p97-linked proteostasis networks.
ANKZF1 function is coupled with core RQC factors including NEMF, Listerin/LTN1, and the p97/VCP extraction module, with ANKZF1 acting after 60S RQC complex formation to enable downstream degradation (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5).
Baseline localization: In human cells, ANKZF1 is reported as diffuse/cytosolic under basal conditions (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2).
Stress-induced relocalization: Under cellular stress (notably oxidative stress), ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria, and this can occur together with VCP (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2). Functionally, ANKZF1 depletion reduces mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress conditions, linking its localization dynamics to mitochondrial homeostasis (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2).
A 2024 Nucleic Acids Research study found that depletion of ANKZF1 (alongside other RQC factors) increases accumulation of repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and CGG (FMR1) repeats, while overexpression of ANKZF1 reduces RAN products in reporters and decreases GP dipeptide repeat abundance in C9 patient iPSC-derived neurons (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18). The same study reports that loss of ANKZF1 had the greatest impact among tested modifiers on RAN product accumulation, supporting ANKZF1 as a potent limiter of toxic repeat translation outputs (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20).
A 2024 Nature Communications paper (focused on ZNF598 regulation) explicitly situates ANKZF1 within mitochondrial-stress-responsive RQC steps: stalled translation triggers downstream quality control events including release of stalled nascent chains from the peptidylโtRNA/60S complex by ANKZF1 (geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2).
A 2024 Protein & Cell study using genome-edited human ESC-derived vascular lineages reports that ANKZF1 acts as a novel HIFโ1ฮฑ target gene in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). ANKZF1 knockout hMSCs displayed reduced migration and tube formation under hypoxia, consistent with ANKZF1 contributing to pro-angiogenic processes (lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11).
Biallelic ANKZF1 mutations were associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease, and patient-derived cellular phenotypes included increased apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial respiration; mechanistically, wild-type ANKZF1 is cytosolic but translocates to mitochondria upon stress, whereas at least one patient allele (R585Q) showed impaired stress-induced translocation (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4). This represents a direct human disease link and provides a functional assay framework (stress-induced mitochondrial recruitment/respiration) for variant interpretation.
A TCGA-based survival analysis reported that high ANKZF1 expression is associated with poorer outcomes in colon cancer: overall survival HR 2.094 (95% CI 1.188โ3.689; p=0.011) and recurrence-free survival HR 1.762 (95% CI 1.021โ3.042; p=0.042) (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2). Additional models reported significant associations for CRC overall (e.g., OS HR 1.661, p=0.007; RFS HR 1.969, p=0.001) and colon-specific analyses (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 2-4). These results motivate ANKZF1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker and as a gene to integrate into angiogenesis/proteostasis pathway models.
The 2024 repeat-expansion work proposes that augmenting RQC (including ANKZF1 activity) might reduce toxic repeat-derived products, suggesting a translational hypothesis relevant to currently untreatable repeat expansion disorders (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 1-5, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18). This is still preclinical (cellular/iPSC-derived neuron systems), but it defines a clear experimental intervention: overexpression or enhancement of RQC factors.
Open Targets reports ANKZF1 associations with inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegenerative disease, lysosomal storage disease, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease, with scores (e.g., neurodegenerative disease score ~0.555) driven largely by pathway-perturbation signals in CRISPRi screens in neuronal contexts (OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1). This supports prioritization of ANKZF1 in functional genomics pipelines, although it should be interpreted as associative/screen-derived rather than causal clinical proof.
Mechanistic reviews place ANKZF1/Vms1 as the factor responsible for releasing nascent chains from peptidylโtRNA on 60S RQC complexes, upstream of p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation, and emphasize that RQC intersects with organelle-localized translation/proteostasis (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5). A key expert-level nuance is that mammalian biochemical reconstitution supports a cleavage mechanism in the tRNA acceptor arm/CCA end rather than a canonical GGQ-like hydrolysis mechanism, explaining persistent terminology differences while preserving agreement on functional role (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3).
| Category | Evidence summary | Key citations | Publication date & URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Identity/domains | Human ANKZF1 corresponds to UniProt Q9H8Y5 and the literature synonym ZNF744; it is the mammalian ortholog of yeast Vms1 and contains ankyrin repeats, zinc-finger regions, a mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD), and a VCP/p97-interacting motif (VIM). The VIM consensus was defined as RX5AAX2R and is necessary/sufficient for p97 binding. | (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4) | 2011-11-04, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472; 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022 |
| Enzymatic activity | ANKZF1 is experimentally supported as an RQC-associated tRNA-cleaving factor that releases stalled nascent chains from 60S complexes. In mammalian systems it cleaves the acceptor arm/CCA end of peptidyl-tRNA, although some reviews describe the overall outcome as peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis; the mechanistic consensus is release of nascent chains by ANKZF1 at stalled 60S ribosomes. | (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5) | 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201 |
| Substrate & products | The substrate is peptidyl-tRNA on stalled 60S ribosomeโnascent chain complexes in RQC. ANKZF1 removes CCA74-76, generating a tRNA with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate at discriminator base N73, and released nascent chains remain attached to a short tRNA remnant reported as 3-4 terminal nucleotides depending on assay/context. | (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2) | 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022; 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087 |
| Pathway context (RQC steps) | In canonical mammalian RQC, ribosome stalling/collision triggers ZNF598-mediated 40S ubiquitination and ASCC-dependent splitting; NEMF and Listerin act on the 60S nascent-chain complex, and ANKZF1 then releases the stalled nascent chain for downstream p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation. Cleaved tRNAs are repaired by ELAC1 and then re-CCA-added by TRNT1. | (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2) | 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087 |
| Key interactors | Key pathway partners include VCP/p97 (via the VIM), NEMF/Rqc2, Listerin/LTN1, UFD1/NPLOC4, ELAC1, and TRNT1. Evidence supports direct VIM-dependent p97 binding through the p97 N-domain and functional coupling of ANKZF1 to ubiquitinated 60S RQC substrates. | (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5) | 2011-11-04, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201 |
| Subcellular localization | Basally, human ANKZF1 is predominantly diffuse/cytosolic, but upon cellular or mitochondrial stress it relocalizes to mitochondria, often together with VCP. Loss-of-function alleles can impair this stress-induced mitochondrial translocation and are associated with reduced mitochondrial integrity/respiration. | (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3) | 2017-05-12, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038 |
| Recent 2023-2024 developments | In 2024, ANKZF1 was identified as a strong suppressor of toxic RAN translation from GC-rich repeats in reporter systems and C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons; loss of ANKZF1 had among the largest effects on RAN product accumulation. Other 2024 work placed ANKZF1 within mitochondrial-stress-responsive RQC and identified it as a HIF-1ฮฑ target contributing to angiogenic phenotypes in human MSCs. | (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18, geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2, lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 1-2, lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11) | 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137; 2024-02-22, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3; 2024-05-08, https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027 |
| Disease/translational relevance | Biallelic ANKZF1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease with apoptosis and mitochondrial respiration defects in patient cells. High ANKZF1 expression is also associated with worse colon cancer outcomes, and platform-level evidence links ANKZF1 to neurodegenerative, lysosomal, Alzheimer, and Parkinson disease contexts. | (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2, OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18) | 2017-05-12, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038; 2019-06, https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920; 2025, Open Targets Platform reference in Nucleic Acids Research |
| Key quantitative stats | Colon cancer studies reported high ANKZF1 expression associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival: HR 2.094 (95% CI 1.188-3.689; p=0.011) and HR 1.762 (95% CI 1.021-3.042; p=0.042); broader CRC analyses also reported OS HR 1.661 (95% CI 1.145-2.408; p=0.007) and RFS HR 1.969 (95% CI 1.299-2.984; p=0.001). Open Targets disease association scores included neurodegenerative disease 0.555, lysosomal storage disease 0.428, inflammatory bowel disease 0.374, Alzheimer disease 0.240, and Parkinson disease 0.233. | (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 8-9, zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 2-4, OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1) | 2019-06, https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920; 2025, Open Targets Platform reference in Nucleic Acids Research |
Table: This table summarizes experimentally supported functions, pathway context, localization, interactors, and translational relevance for human ANKZF1/Q9H8Y5. It is designed as a compact evidence map for downstream functional annotation and report writing.
References
(stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3): Christopher Stapf, Edward Cartwright, Mark Bycroft, Kay Hofmann, and Alexander Buchberger. The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (vcp)-interacting motif (vim) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286:38670-38678, Nov 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472, doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.274472. This article has 81 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1): Christopher Stapf, Edward Cartwright, Mark Bycroft, Kay Hofmann, and Alexander Buchberger. The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (vcp)-interacting motif (vim) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286:38670-38678, Nov 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472, doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.274472. This article has 81 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2): Dรฉsirรฉe Y. van Haaften-Visser, Magdalena Harakalova, Enric Mocholi, Joris M. van Montfrans, Abdul Elkadri, Ester Rieter, Karoline Fiedler, Peter M. van Hasselt, Emily M.M. Triffaux, Mieke M. van Haelst, Isaac J. Nijman, Wigard P. Kloosterman, Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis, Aleixo M. Muise, Edwin Cuppen, Roderick H.J. Houwen, and Paul J. Coffer. Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292:7904-7920, May 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038, doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.772038. This article has 39 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5): Toshifumi Inada. Quality controls induced by aberrant translation. Nucleic Acids Research, 48:1084-1096, Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201, doi:10.1093/nar/gkz1201. This article has 136 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2): Anna Miลcicka, Alexander G Bulakhov, Kazushige Kuroha, Alexandra Zinoviev, Christopher U T Hellen, and Tatyana V Pestova. Ribosomal collision is not a prerequisite for znf598-mediated ribosome ubiquitination and disassembly of ribosomal complexes by ascc. Nucleic Acids Research, 52:4627-4643, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087, doi:10.1093/nar/gkae087. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6): Toshifumi Inada. Quality controls induced by aberrant translation. Nucleic Acids Research, 48:1084-1096, Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201, doi:10.1093/nar/gkz1201. This article has 136 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4): Kazushige Kuroha, Alexandra Zinoviev, Christopher U.T. Hellen, and Tatyana V. Pestova. Release of ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated nascent chains from stalled mammalian ribosomal complexes by ankzf1 and ptrh1. Molecular cell, 72 2:286-302.e8, Oct 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022, doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022. This article has 127 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3): Matthew C.J. Yip, Simonas Savickas, Steven P. Gygi, and Sichen Shao. Elac1 repairs trnas cleaved during ribosome-associated quality control. Cell reports, 30 7:2106-2114.e5, Feb 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082. This article has 47 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2): Kazushige Kuroha, Alexandra Zinoviev, Christopher U.T. Hellen, and Tatyana V. Pestova. Release of ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated nascent chains from stalled mammalian ribosomal complexes by ankzf1 and ptrh1. Molecular cell, 72 2:286-302.e8, Oct 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022, doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022. This article has 127 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6): Matthew C.J. Yip, Simonas Savickas, Steven P. Gygi, and Sichen Shao. Elac1 repairs trnas cleaved during ribosome-associated quality control. Cell reports, 30 7:2106-2114.e5, Feb 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082. This article has 47 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(mcgirr2025dysregulatedribosomequality pages 2-4): Tom McGirr, Okan Onar, and Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad. Dysregulated ribosome quality control in human diseases. The Febs Journal, 292:936-959, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17217, doi:10.1111/febs.17217. This article has 20 citations.
(kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated media cd140b48): Kazushige Kuroha, Alexandra Zinoviev, Christopher U.T. Hellen, and Tatyana V. Pestova. Release of ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated nascent chains from stalled mammalian ribosomal complexes by ankzf1 and ptrh1. Molecular cell, 72 2:286-302.e8, Oct 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022, doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022. This article has 127 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4): Christopher Stapf, Edward Cartwright, Mark Bycroft, Kay Hofmann, and Alexander Buchberger. The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (vcp)-interacting motif (vim) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286:38670-38678, Nov 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472, doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.274472. This article has 81 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4): Dรฉsirรฉe Y. van Haaften-Visser, Magdalena Harakalova, Enric Mocholi, Joris M. van Montfrans, Abdul Elkadri, Ester Rieter, Karoline Fiedler, Peter M. van Hasselt, Emily M.M. Triffaux, Mieke M. van Haelst, Isaac J. Nijman, Wigard P. Kloosterman, Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis, Aleixo M. Muise, Edwin Cuppen, Roderick H.J. Houwen, and Paul J. Coffer. Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292:7904-7920, May 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038, doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.772038. This article has 39 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3): Dรฉsirรฉe Y. van Haaften-Visser, Magdalena Harakalova, Enric Mocholi, Joris M. van Montfrans, Abdul Elkadri, Ester Rieter, Karoline Fiedler, Peter M. van Hasselt, Emily M.M. Triffaux, Mieke M. van Haelst, Isaac J. Nijman, Wigard P. Kloosterman, Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis, Aleixo M. Muise, Edwin Cuppen, Roderick H.J. Houwen, and Paul J. Coffer. Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292:7904-7920, May 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038, doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.772038. This article has 39 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18): Yi-Ju Tseng, Amy Krans, Indranil Malik, Xiexiong Deng, Evrim Yildirim, Sinem Ovunc, Elizabeth M H Tank, Karen Jansen-West, Ross Kaufhold, Nicolas B Gomez, Roger Sher, Leonard Petrucelli, Sami J Barmada, and Peter K Todd. Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-aug translation from gc-rich repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 52:5928-5949, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137, doi:10.1093/nar/gkae137. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20): Yi-Ju Tseng, Amy Krans, Indranil Malik, Xiexiong Deng, Evrim Yildirim, Sinem Ovunc, Elizabeth M H Tank, Karen Jansen-West, Ross Kaufhold, Nicolas B Gomez, Roger Sher, Leonard Petrucelli, Sami J Barmada, and Peter K Todd. Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-aug translation from gc-rich repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 52:5928-5949, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137, doi:10.1093/nar/gkae137. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2): Ji Geng, Shuangxi Li, Yu Li, Zhihao Wu, Sunil Bhurtel, Suman Rimal, Danish Khan, Rani Ohja, Onn Brandman, and Bingwei Lu. Stalled translation by mitochondrial stress upregulates a cnot4-znf598 ribosomal quality control pathway important for tissue homeostasis. Nature Communications, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3. This article has 20 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11): Jinghui Lei, Xiaoyu Jiang, Daoyuan Huang, Ying Jing, Shanshan Yang, Lingling Geng, Yupeng Yan, Fangshuo Zheng, Fang Cheng, Weiqi Zhang, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Guang-Hui Liu, Si Wang, and Jing Qu. Human esc-derived vascular cells promote vascular regeneration in a hif-1ฮฑ dependent manner. Protein & Cell, 15:36-51, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027, doi:10.1093/procel/pwad027. This article has 14 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2): Xin Zhou, Yan-Na Shang, Ran Lu, Chuan-Wen Fan, and Xian-Ming Mo. High ankzf1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer. Jun 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920, doi:10.2217/fon-2018-0920. This article has 29 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 2-4): Xin Zhou, Yan-Na Shang, Ran Lu, Chuan-Wen Fan, and Xian-Ming Mo. High ankzf1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer. Jun 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920, doi:10.2217/fon-2018-0920. This article has 29 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 1-5): Yi-Ju Tseng, Amy Krans, Indranil Malik, Xiexiong Deng, Evrim Yildirim, Sinem Ovunc, Elizabeth M H Tank, Karen Jansen-West, Ross Kaufhold, Nicolas B Gomez, Roger Sher, Leonard Petrucelli, Sami J Barmada, and Peter K Todd. Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-aug translation from gc-rich repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 52:5928-5949, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137, doi:10.1093/nar/gkae137. This article has 21 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1): Open Targets Query (-ANKZF1, 5 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.
(lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 1-2): Jinghui Lei, Xiaoyu Jiang, Daoyuan Huang, Ying Jing, Shanshan Yang, Lingling Geng, Yupeng Yan, Fangshuo Zheng, Fang Cheng, Weiqi Zhang, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Guang-Hui Liu, Si Wang, and Jing Qu. Human esc-derived vascular cells promote vascular regeneration in a hif-1ฮฑ dependent manner. Protein & Cell, 15:36-51, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027, doi:10.1093/procel/pwad027. This article has 14 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 8-9): Xin Zhou, Yan-Na Shang, Ran Lu, Chuan-Wen Fan, and Xian-Ming Mo. High ankzf1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer. Jun 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920, doi:10.2217/fon-2018-0920. This article has 29 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
Deep research provider status: the Falcon deep-research job was attempted first and timed out after 600 seconds. The configured perplexity-lite fallback was attempted next and failed with a Perplexity API 401 quota error. No provider-authored deep-research file was produced, so this review uses the cached UniProt, GOA, publication, Reactome, PANTHER, and PN projection sources directly.
ANKZF1 is best curated as a cytosolic ribosome-associated quality-control factor. UniProt summarizes the core activity as an endonuclease that cleaves polypeptidyl-tRNAs downstream of RQC to release incompletely synthesized polypeptides for degradation and states that ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs are repaired and recycled by ELAC1 and TRNT1 [file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt, "Endonuclease that cleaves polypeptidyl-tRNAs downstream of"].
The direct literature support is strong for RQC and tRNA cleavage. Verma et al. showed human ANKZF1 activity in a conserved stalled-ribosome release assay: "Purified Ankzf1 ... catalyzed deacylation" and framed the pathway as preventing aggregation/proteotoxic stress when nascent chains are not degraded [PMID:29632312, "Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress"; PMID:29632312, "Purified Ankzf1"]. Kuroha et al. refined the mechanism in a mammalian RQC system: ANKZF1 does not act as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase, but "induces specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA" and releases proteasome-degradable nascent chains linked to a short tRNA fragment [PMID:30244831, "specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA"; PMID:30244831, "In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs"]. Su et al. show ANKZF1/Vms1p precisely cleaves the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes [PMID:31011209, "polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA"]. Yip et al. support this in cells by showing ELAC1 repair of ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs during ribosome stalling [PMID:32075755, "Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates"].
Existing GOA protein-quality-control and stalled-cytosolic-ribosome annotations are therefore core and should be accepted. The existing MF annotations to RNA endonuclease activity and catalytic activity acting on a tRNA are biologically correct but less specific than GO:0004549 tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity, so they were marked MODIFY to that term.
The IBA ERAD pathway annotation appears to be an overprojection from a broad Vms1/Cdc48 quality-control relationship. The human evidence supports cytosolic RQC and stress-dependent mitochondrial context, not a direct ERAD pathway role.
PN projection check: the Proteostasis projection already has ANKZF1 exactly covered for GO:0006515 under Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_gene_go_summary.tsv, "ANKZF1 GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins"]. The new PN candidate is GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process from the mitochondrial proteostasis Vms pathway row [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv, "ANKZF1 GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process"]. The mapping source is a broad parent class for organelle-specific protein degradation, while the Vms pathway child itself is no-mapping, and the mapping audit requires manual gene-level review before changes [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/mappings/mitochondrial_proteostasis.yaml, "No additional direct GO mapping is appropriate from this node"; file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_mapping_audit/current_mapping_scrutiny.tsv, "manual_gene_level_review_required_before_gene_review_change"]. I do not see direct human evidence that ANKZF1 catalyzes mitochondrial protein catabolism. The mitochondrial evidence is stress localization/mitochondrial integrity: ANKZF1 "translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress" and ANKZF1 depletion reduces mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress [PMID:28302725, "translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress"; PMID:28302725, "integrity and mitochondrial respiration under conditions of cellular stress"]. Therefore GO:0035694 should not be added for ANKZF1 in this pass.
The HIV AP-MS protein-binding row is a generic interaction annotation from a large-scale host-virus screen [PMID:22190034, "physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host"]. The NK-cell membrane annotation is from a high-throughput membrane proteome that explicitly includes many proteins transiently associated with membranes [PMID:19946888, "transiently associated with membranes"]. Both are non-core/over-annotated relative to direct ANKZF1 biology.
A Falcon (Edison Scientific) deep-research report was generated and reviewed. It confirms the existing RQC-centric curation and adds several literature contexts not previously captured. PMIDs below resolved via DOI/PubMed lookup.
CONFIRMS (molecular function / process / localization): The report reiterates the existing core picture - ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA acceptor arm/3'-CCA of P-site peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes (not a canonical peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase), releasing nascent chains for p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation, with ELAC1/TRNT1 recycling cleaved tRNAs; basal cytosolic localization with stress-induced mitochondrial translocation. No change warranted to existing annotations. The recurring "peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase" vs "tRNA endonuclease / acceptor-arm cleavage" terminology split is noted but both converge on nascent-chain release [PMID:30244831, "specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA"].
NEW (interaction / mechanism, well-supported): The VCP/p97 interaction is mediated by a defined VCP-interacting motif (VIM, consensus RX5AAX2R) that binds the p97 N-domain; ANKZF1/ZNF744 was one of the founding members used to define this VIM cofactor family [PMID:21896481 Stapf 2011 "The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting motif (VIM)..."]. This gives a concrete, informative replacement context for the generic "protein binding" annotation (VCP binding via VIM), though I am not adding a VCP-binding GO annotation in this conservative pass since there is no existing GOA row to modify.
NEW (biological process, disease-adjacent, well-supported): ANKZF1 (with NEMF and LTN1) limits repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of toxic dipeptide-repeat products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and CGG (FMR1) repeats; ANKZF1 depletion boosts RAN products and overexpression reduces them in reporters and C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons [PMID:38412259 Tseng 2024]. This is a disease-relevant consequence of the same core RQC activity, not a new molecular function.
NEW (process context, well-supported): Mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 RQC pathway in which downstream steps include ANKZF1-mediated release of stalled nascent chains; ZNF598 overexpression clears faulty translation products of mitochondrial outer-membrane mRNAs and improves mitochondrial/tissue health in Drosophila disease models [PMID:38388640 Geng 2024]. Connects RQC to mitochondrial proteostasis but does not, by itself, establish ANKZF1 catalyzing mitochondrial protein catabolism.
NEW (regulation / physiology, moderate confidence): ANKZF1 is reported as a HIF-1alpha effector/target gene; CRISPR-edited ANKZF1-inactivated human MSCs show impaired pro-angiogenic processes under hypoxia [PMID:37158785 Lei 2024]. Plausible but tangential to the core RQC function; treated as non-core context only.
PROVISIONAL / low weight (oncology biomarker, correlative): High ANKZF1 expression associates with poorer overall and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer in a TCGA bioinformatic analysis (OS HR 2.094, 95% CI 1.188-3.689, p=0.011) [PMID:31257922 Zhou 2019]. Correlative expression-survival association; does not inform GO annotation.
Reviews / supporting framework (not used to change annotations): Inada 2020 NAR RQC review (DOI:10.1093/nar/gkz1201) and McGirr 2025 FEBS J RQC-disease review (DOI:10.1111/febs.17217) place ANKZF1 within the canonical mammalian RQC step order; Miscicka 2024 NAR (DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae087) covers upstream ZNF598/ASCC ribosome splitting. Open Targets disease-association scores cited in the report are platform/screen-derived and not used here.
Net effect on the review: the existing annotation actions remain correct and unchanged. I added the genuinely-new primary references (Stapf 2011 VIM; Tseng 2024 RAN; Geng 2024 mito-stress RQC; Lei 2024 HIF-1alpha; Zhou 2019 colon cancer) to the references list as statement-only entries, and added a couple of suggested questions reflecting the VIM/p97 mechanism and the RAN-translation link.
Mitochondrial proteostasis|Organelle-specific protein degradation|Vms pathway; (2) Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC|VCP system for RQC; (3) UPS|VCP and associated proteins|adaptors|VIM|ankyrin repeats. PN-node mapping: mito class=mappedโGO:0035694 mito protein catabolic (new_to_goa); RQC group=mappedโGO:0006515 protein QC (already_in_goa_exact); VCP-adaptor nodes=no_mapping/context_only (GO:0034098, GO:0043335).no_mapping; the mapping audit flagged it manual_gene_level_review_required. Gene-level review here rejects propagation to ANKZF1 โ node mapping should not project GO:0035694 onto ANKZF1.This file is generated from the current PROTEOSTASIS phase-1 dossier and local gene-review artifacts. Edit the source review, PN mapping, or dossier rather than this generated note when correcting the underlying curation.
id: Q9H8Y5
gene_symbol: ANKZF1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
id: NCBITaxon:9606
label: Homo sapiens
description: >-
ANKZF1 is a cytosolic tRNA endonuclease in the ribosome-associated
quality-control pathway. It acts after stalled-ribosome splitting on 60S
ribosome-nascent-chain complexes, cleaving the terminal 3'-CCA region of
P-site peptidyl-tRNA to release incomplete nascent polypeptides for
degradation and to generate tRNA repair intermediates that can be recycled.
ANKZF1 also binds VCP/p97 and has a stress-responsive mitochondrial context,
translocating to mitochondria under oxidative stress and supporting
mitochondrial integrity.
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000033
title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location
vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by
UniProt
findings: []
- id: PMID:19946888
title: Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
findings: []
- id: PMID:22190034
title: Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:28302725
title: Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated
with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease.
findings: []
- id: PMID:29632312
title: Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled
ribosomes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:30244831
title: Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chains from Stalled
Mammalian Ribosomal Complexes by ANKZF1 and Ptrh1.
findings: []
- id: PMID:31011209
title: Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
findings: []
- id: PMID:32075755
title: ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quality Control.
findings: []
- id: PMID:21896481
title: The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting
motif (VIM) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors.
full_text_unavailable: true
findings:
- statement: >-
Defines the VCP-interacting motif (VIM, minimal consensus RX5AAX2R) and
identifies ZNF744/ANKZF1 as a member of the VIM-containing p97/VCP cofactor
family; the VIM is necessary and sufficient for binding the p97 N-terminal
domain.
- id: PMID:38412259
title: Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-AUG translation
from GC-rich repeats.
full_text_unavailable: true
findings:
- statement: >-
Depletion of the RQC factors NEMF, LTN1 and ANKZF1 increases accumulation of
repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and
CGG (FMR1) repeats, while their overexpression reduces RAN products in
reporters and in C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons.
- id: PMID:38388640
title: Stalled translation by mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosomal
quality control pathway important for tissue homeostasis.
full_text_unavailable: true
findings:
- statement: >-
Mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosome-associated
quality-control pathway whose downstream steps include ANKZF1-mediated
release of stalled nascent chains, linking RQC to mitochondrial and tissue
homeostasis.
- id: PMID:37158785
title: Human ESC-derived vascular cells promote vascular regeneration in a HIF-1alpha
dependent manner.
full_text_unavailable: true
findings:
- statement: >-
ANKZF1 is reported as a HIF-1alpha effector; transcriptional inactivation of
ANKZF1 in human mesenchymal stem cells impairs pro-angiogenic processes
under hypoxia.
- id: PMID:31257922
title: High ANKZF1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free
survival in colon cancer.
full_text_unavailable: true
findings:
- statement: >-
A TCGA bioinformatic analysis reports that high ANKZF1 expression is
associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival in
colon cancer; this is a correlative expression-outcome association.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
title: Ribosome-associated quality control
findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
title: ANKZF1 cleaves the peptidyl-tRNA in VCP hexamer:LTN1:NEMF:60S ribosome
subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with K48polyUb-nascent peptide
findings: []
- id: file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
title: UniProt record for human ANKZF1
findings: []
- id: file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-notes.md
title: ANKZF1 curation notes
findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_gene_go_summary.tsv
title: Proteostasis Network projected GO summary
findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv
title: Proteostasis Network projected candidate additions
findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/mappings/mitochondrial_proteostasis.yaml
title: Proteostasis Network mitochondrial proteostasis mappings
findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_mapping_audit/current_mapping_scrutiny.tsv
title: Proteostasis Network mapping audit
findings: []
existing_annotations:
- term:
id: GO:0036503
label: ERAD pathway
evidence_type: IBA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Remove. The phylogenetic transfer appears to over-project a Vms1/Cdc48
quality-control relationship into ERAD. Human ANKZF1 evidence supports
cytosolic ribosome-associated quality control and oxidative-stress
mitochondrial context, not direct endoplasmic-reticulum-associated
degradation.
action: REMOVE
reason: >-
The experimentally supported conserved function is cleavage of
peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes, with downstream nascent-chain
degradation. That is distinct from the ERAD pathway.
additional_reference_ids:
- PMID:30244831
- PMID:31011209
- PMID:32075755
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: ANKZF1 does not function as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: ANKZF1 and Vms1p sever
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: IEA
original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
qualifier: located_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct broad localization. UniProt and the oxidative-stress study place
ANKZF1 in the cytoplasm, with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
Cytoplasm is a valid broad cellular component for ANKZF1, although the core
RQC activity is more specifically cytosolic.
additional_reference_ids:
- PMID:28302725
- file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:28302725
supporting_text: ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
- term:
id: GO:0005515
label: protein binding
evidence_type: IPI
original_reference_id: PMID:22190034
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
Over-annotated. The source is a large-scale HIV-host interaction study and
the generic protein binding term does not describe ANKZF1's biochemical
role.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: >-
Generic protein binding is uninformative for ANKZF1. A biologically
relevant interaction is VCP/p97 binding through the VIM motif (consensus
RX5AAX2R, defined in Stapf et al. 2011, which identified ANKZF1/ZNF744 as a
VIM-containing p97 cofactor), but this HIV AP-MS annotation should not be
treated as core function.
additional_reference_ids:
- PMID:21896481
- file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:22190034
supporting_text: physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host
- term:
id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. Reactome places ANKZF1 in the RQC pathway, where it cleaves the
tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA on stalled-ribosome 60S complexes.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
Rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosomes is a core biological process for
ANKZF1 because its tRNA cleavage releases nascent chains from 60S RQC
complexes.
supported_by:
- reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
supporting_text: ANKZF1, which interacts with VCP, cleaves the C-terminal
- term:
id: GO:0004521
label: RNA endonuclease activity
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
The activity is correct but the more specific term tRNA-specific
ribonuclease activity better captures ANKZF1's substrate and reaction.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
Reactome describes cleavage of the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA. Use the
more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term rather than generic
RNA endonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
supporting_text: ANKZF1 cleaves the C-terminal 3 nucleotides, CCA, of the tRNA
- term:
id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
evidence_type: TAS
original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
qualifier: located_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. The RQC substrate and Reactome event are cytosolic
ribosome-nascent-chain complexes.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
Cytosol is the best core cellular component for the RQC tRNA endonuclease
activity.
additional_reference_ids:
- PMID:30244831
- PMID:32075755
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:32075755
supporting_text: Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) disassembles aberrantly stalled
- term:
id: GO:0004521
label: RNA endonuclease activity
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more
specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
Kuroha et al. showed that ANKZF1 induces specific cleavage in the acceptor
arm of 60S-bound P-site tRNA, so a tRNA-specific ribonuclease term is more
informative than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
- term:
id: GO:0004521
label: RNA endonuclease activity
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more
specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
The paper identifies precise cleavage of the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of
polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes, matching tRNA-specific ribonuclease
activity more closely than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
- term:
id: GO:0006515
label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:29632312
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. ANKZF1 acts in ribosome-associated quality control to release
nascent chains from stalled ribosomes for degradation.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
This term captures the protein-quality-control outcome of ANKZF1's RQC
activity.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:29632312
supporting_text: Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress
- term:
id: GO:0006515
label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. The mammalian RQC reconstitution links ANKZF1-mediated tRNA
cleavage to release of nascent chains that can be degraded by the
proteasome.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
ANKZF1 directly supports quality control of aberrant translation products
in RQC.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
- term:
id: GO:0006515
label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. Cleavage of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes releases
ubiquitinated nascent proteins for proteasomal degradation.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
The activity is a core protein quality-control step for incompletely
synthesized polypeptides on stalled ribosomes.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins from 60S ribosomal subunits for proteasomal
- term:
id: GO:0006515
label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. ELAC1 repair work confirms ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage during
ribosome stalling in mammalian cells.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
The paper supports ANKZF1 as a cellular RQC factor whose cleavage products
are repaired and recycled after stalled-ribosome events.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:32075755
supporting_text: Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates
- term:
id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:29632312
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. Purified human ANKZF1 can act on stalled-ribosome peptidyl-tRNA
substrates in the conserved RQC release step.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
The annotation captures the RQC/ribosome-rescue context of the ANKZF1
activity.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:29632312
supporting_text: Purified Ankzf1
- term:
id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. In vitro mammalian RQC reconstitution shows ANKZF1 acting on
60S-bound P-site tRNA after stalled-ribosome processing.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
ANKZF1-mediated cleavage of 60S RQC complexes is a direct stalled-ribosome
rescue step.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: Here, we reconstituted the mammalian RQC pathway in vitro
- term:
id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs from stalled ribosomes by
cleaving the terminal 3'CCA region.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
This is a direct mechanistic description of the stalled-ribosome rescue
role.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs
- term:
id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. The ELAC1 study describes ANKZF1 cleavage of P-site tRNA as a key
RQC step after ribosome stalling.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
The annotation is directly supported by stalled-ribosome RQC evidence.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:32075755
supporting_text: RQC is the cleavage of P-site tRNA by the endonuclease ANKZF1
- term:
id: GO:0140101
label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1's activity is specifically
tRNA ribonuclease cleavage in the 60S RQC substrate context.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
ribonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
- term:
id: GO:0140101
label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
Correct substrate class but too broad. The paper supports precise tRNA
cleavage rather than an unspecified tRNA catalytic activity.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
ribonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: terminal 3'CCA nucleotides universal to all tRNAs
- term:
id: GO:0140101
label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
qualifier: enables
review:
summary: >-
Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1 is a tRNA endonuclease in
RQC, not merely a generic enzyme acting on tRNA.
action: MODIFY
reason: >-
Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
ribonuclease activity.
proposed_replacement_terms:
- id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:32075755
supporting_text: tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
- term:
id: GO:0005737
label: cytoplasm
evidence_type: IDA
original_reference_id: PMID:28302725
qualifier: located_in
review:
summary: >-
Correct. The disease/stress paper reports diffuse cytoplasmic localization
with translocation to mitochondria under cellular stress.
action: ACCEPT
reason: >-
Cytoplasm is experimentally supported, though the main RQC activity is
cytosolic.
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:28302725
supporting_text: ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
- term:
id: GO:0070301
label: cellular response to hydrogen peroxide
evidence_type: IMP
original_reference_id: PMID:28302725
qualifier: involved_in
review:
summary: >-
Supported but non-core. ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria during
oxidative stress and loss of ANKZF1 affects mitochondrial integrity and
respiration under stress.
action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
reason: >-
Hydrogen-peroxide response is an experimentally observed stress phenotype
and localization context, but the best-supported core molecular function is
RQC-associated tRNA endonuclease activity.
additional_reference_ids:
- file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:28302725
supporting_text: translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress
- term:
id: GO:0016020
label: membrane
evidence_type: HDA
original_reference_id: PMID:19946888
qualifier: located_in
review:
summary: >-
Over-annotated. The source is a high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteome
and does not establish ANKZF1 as a membrane protein.
action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
reason: >-
UniProt and direct ANKZF1 studies support cytoplasmic/cytosolic
localization with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation, not stable
membrane residence.
additional_reference_ids:
- PMID:28302725
- file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:19946888
supporting_text: transiently associated with membranes
core_functions:
- description: >-
ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA moiety of P-site peptidyl-tRNAs on 60S
ribosome-nascent-chain complexes in ribosome-associated quality control,
allowing incomplete nascent polypeptides to be released for proteasomal
degradation and ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs to enter repair and recycling pathways.
molecular_function:
id: GO:0004549
label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
directly_involved_in:
- id: GO:0072344
label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
- id: GO:0006515
label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
locations:
- id: GO:0005829
label: cytosol
supported_by:
- reference_id: PMID:30244831
supporting_text: specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
- reference_id: PMID:31011209
supporting_text: polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
- reference_id: PMID:32075755
supporting_text: tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
- question: >-
Does human ANKZF1 directly drive catabolism of mitochondrial proteins, or is
the mitochondrial connection limited to stress-dependent localization and
mitochondrial integrity phenotypes downstream of its RQC/VCP biology?
experts:
- Siu Sylvia Lee
- Shin-ichi Kuroha
- Sichen Shao
- question: >-
In mammalian cells, does ANKZF1 act on mitochondria-targeted stalled nascent
chains through the same cytosolic RQC substrate state, or through a distinct
organelle-proximal mechanism?
experts:
- Siu Sylvia Lee
- Sichen Shao
- question: >-
Is the VCP/p97 interaction via the ANKZF1 VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R)
required for ANKZF1's RQC nascent-chain release activity in cells, and should
ANKZF1 carry a specific VCP/p97-binding molecular-function annotation rather
than only generic protein binding?
experts:
- Alexander Buchberger
- Sichen Shao
- question: >-
Does ANKZF1-mediated RQC limit toxic repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)
translation products in neurons through its canonical tRNA-cleavage/nascent-chain
release activity, and is this dependent on catalytic activity rather than a
scaffolding role?
experts:
- Peter K Todd
- Sami J Barmada
suggested_experiments:
- hypothesis: >-
ANKZF1's mitochondrial stress phenotype is separable from direct
mitochondrial protein catabolism.
description: >-
In endogenous ANKZF1 knockout cells rescued with wild-type, catalytic-dead,
and VIM-mutant ANKZF1, compare turnover of defined mitochondrial protein
quality-control substrates with turnover of stalled cytosolic RQC reporters
after oxidative stress and translation-stall induction.
experiment_type: genetic rescue and quantitative protein-turnover assay
- hypothesis: >-
ANKZF1 acts on mitochondria-targeted translation products only after they
enter the canonical cytosolic RQC substrate state.
description: >-
Use reporters encoding mitochondrial-targeting sequences followed by defined
ribosome-stalling motifs, then assay ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage
intermediates, nascent-chain ubiquitination, VCP dependence, and subcellular
localization of the stalled complexes.
experiment_type: stalled-translation reporter assay