ANKZF1

UniProt ID: Q9H8Y5
Organism: Homo sapiens
Review Status: COMPLETE
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Gene Description

ANKZF1 is a cytosolic tRNA endonuclease in the ribosome-associated quality-control pathway. It acts after stalled-ribosome splitting on 60S ribosome-nascent-chain complexes, cleaving the terminal 3'-CCA region of P-site peptidyl-tRNA to release incomplete nascent polypeptides for degradation and to generate tRNA repair intermediates that can be recycled. ANKZF1 also binds VCP/p97 and has a stress-responsive mitochondrial context, translocating to mitochondria under oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial integrity.

Existing Annotations Review

GO Term Evidence Action Reason
GO:0036503 ERAD pathway
IBA
GO_REF:0000033
REMOVE
Summary: Remove. The phylogenetic transfer appears to over-project a Vms1/Cdc48 quality-control relationship into ERAD. Human ANKZF1 evidence supports cytosolic ribosome-associated quality control and oxidative-stress mitochondrial context, not direct endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation.
Reason: The experimentally supported conserved function is cleavage of peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes, with downstream nascent-chain degradation. That is distinct from the ERAD pathway.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
ANKZF1 does not function as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.
PMID:31011209
ANKZF1 and Vms1p sever
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
IEA
GO_REF:0000044
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct broad localization. UniProt and the oxidative-stress study place ANKZF1 in the cytoplasm, with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation.
Reason: Cytoplasm is a valid broad cellular component for ANKZF1, although the core RQC activity is more specifically cytosolic.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
GO:0005515 protein binding
IPI
PMID:22190034
Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Over-annotated. The source is a large-scale HIV-host interaction study and the generic protein binding term does not describe ANKZF1's biochemical role.
Reason: Generic protein binding is uninformative for ANKZF1. A biologically relevant interaction is VCP/p97 binding through the VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R, defined in Stapf et al. 2011, which identified ANKZF1/ZNF744 as a VIM-containing p97 cofactor), but this HIV AP-MS annotation should not be treated as core function.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:22190034
physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host
GO:0072344 rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. Reactome places ANKZF1 in the RQC pathway, where it cleaves the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA on stalled-ribosome 60S complexes.
Reason: Rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosomes is a core biological process for ANKZF1 because its tRNA cleavage releases nascent chains from 60S RQC complexes.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
ANKZF1, which interacts with VCP, cleaves the C-terminal
GO:0004521 RNA endonuclease activity
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
MODIFY
Summary: The activity is correct but the more specific term tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity better captures ANKZF1's substrate and reaction.
Reason: Reactome describes cleavage of the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA. Use the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term rather than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
ANKZF1 cleaves the C-terminal 3 nucleotides, CCA, of the tRNA
GO:0005829 cytosol
TAS
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. The RQC substrate and Reactome event are cytosolic ribosome-nascent-chain complexes.
Reason: Cytosol is the best core cellular component for the RQC tRNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) disassembles aberrantly stalled
GO:0004521 RNA endonuclease activity
IDA
PMID:30244831
Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain...
MODIFY
Summary: The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
Reason: Kuroha et al. showed that ANKZF1 induces specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P-site tRNA, so a tRNA-specific ribonuclease term is more informative than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
GO:0004521 RNA endonuclease activity
IDA
PMID:31011209
Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
MODIFY
Summary: The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
Reason: The paper identifies precise cleavage of the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes, matching tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity more closely than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
IDA
PMID:29632312
Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent cha...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. ANKZF1 acts in ribosome-associated quality control to release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes for degradation.
Reason: This term captures the protein-quality-control outcome of ANKZF1's RQC activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29632312
Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress
GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
IDA
PMID:30244831
Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. The mammalian RQC reconstitution links ANKZF1-mediated tRNA cleavage to release of nascent chains that can be degraded by the proteasome.
Reason: ANKZF1 directly supports quality control of aberrant translation products in RQC.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
IDA
PMID:31011209
Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. Cleavage of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins for proteasomal degradation.
Reason: The activity is a core protein quality-control step for incompletely synthesized polypeptides on stalled ribosomes.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins from 60S ribosomal subunits for proteasomal
GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
IDA
PMID:32075755
ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. ELAC1 repair work confirms ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage during ribosome stalling in mammalian cells.
Reason: The paper supports ANKZF1 as a cellular RQC factor whose cleavage products are repaired and recycled after stalled-ribosome events.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates
GO:0072344 rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
IDA
PMID:29632312
Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent cha...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. Purified human ANKZF1 can act on stalled-ribosome peptidyl-tRNA substrates in the conserved RQC release step.
Reason: The annotation captures the RQC/ribosome-rescue context of the ANKZF1 activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:29632312
Purified Ankzf1
GO:0072344 rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
IDA
PMID:30244831
Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. In vitro mammalian RQC reconstitution shows ANKZF1 acting on 60S-bound P-site tRNA after stalled-ribosome processing.
Reason: ANKZF1-mediated cleavage of 60S RQC complexes is a direct stalled-ribosome rescue step.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
Here, we reconstituted the mammalian RQC pathway in vitro
GO:0072344 rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
IDA
PMID:31011209
Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs from stalled ribosomes by cleaving the terminal 3'CCA region.
Reason: This is a direct mechanistic description of the stalled-ribosome rescue role.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs
GO:0072344 rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
IDA
PMID:32075755
ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. The ELAC1 study describes ANKZF1 cleavage of P-site tRNA as a key RQC step after ribosome stalling.
Reason: The annotation is directly supported by stalled-ribosome RQC evidence.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
RQC is the cleavage of P-site tRNA by the endonuclease ANKZF1
GO:0140101 catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
IDA
PMID:30244831
Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chain...
MODIFY
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1's activity is specifically tRNA ribonuclease cleavage in the 60S RQC substrate context.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:30244831
ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
GO:0140101 catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
IDA
PMID:31011209
Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
MODIFY
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. The paper supports precise tRNA cleavage rather than an unspecified tRNA catalytic activity.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:31011209
terminal 3'CCA nucleotides universal to all tRNAs
GO:0140101 catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
IDA
PMID:32075755
ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quali...
MODIFY
Summary: Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1 is a tRNA endonuclease in RQC, not merely a generic enzyme acting on tRNA.
Reason: Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:32075755
tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
IDA
PMID:28302725
Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations...
ACCEPT
Summary: Correct. The disease/stress paper reports diffuse cytoplasmic localization with translocation to mitochondria under cellular stress.
Reason: Cytoplasm is experimentally supported, though the main RQC activity is cytosolic.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
GO:0070301 cellular response to hydrogen peroxide
IMP
PMID:28302725
Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations...
KEEP AS NON CORE
Summary: Supported but non-core. ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria during oxidative stress and loss of ANKZF1 affects mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress.
Reason: Hydrogen-peroxide response is an experimentally observed stress phenotype and localization context, but the best-supported core molecular function is RQC-associated tRNA endonuclease activity.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:28302725
translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress
GO:0016020 membrane
HDA
PMID:19946888
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
MARK AS OVER ANNOTATED
Summary: Over-annotated. The source is a high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteome and does not establish ANKZF1 as a membrane protein.
Reason: UniProt and direct ANKZF1 studies support cytoplasmic/cytosolic localization with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation, not stable membrane residence.
Supporting Evidence:
PMID:19946888
transiently associated with membranes

Core Functions

ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA moiety of P-site peptidyl-tRNAs on 60S ribosome-nascent-chain complexes in ribosome-associated quality control, allowing incomplete nascent polypeptides to be released for proteasomal degradation and ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs to enter repair and recycling pathways.

Supporting Evidence:
  • PMID:30244831
    specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
  • PMID:31011209
    polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
  • PMID:32075755
    tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition

References

Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by UniProt
Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes.
Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease.
Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled ribosomes.
Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chains from Stalled Mammalian Ribosomal Complexes by ANKZF1 and Ptrh1.
Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quality Control.
The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting motif (VIM) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors.
  • Defines the VCP-interacting motif (VIM, minimal consensus RX5AAX2R) and identifies ZNF744/ANKZF1 as a member of the VIM-containing p97/VCP cofactor family; the VIM is necessary and sufficient for binding the p97 N-terminal domain.
Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-AUG translation from GC-rich repeats.
  • Depletion of the RQC factors NEMF, LTN1 and ANKZF1 increases accumulation of repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and CGG (FMR1) repeats, while their overexpression reduces RAN products in reporters and in C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons.
Stalled translation by mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosomal quality control pathway important for tissue homeostasis.
  • Mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosome-associated quality-control pathway whose downstream steps include ANKZF1-mediated release of stalled nascent chains, linking RQC to mitochondrial and tissue homeostasis.
Human ESC-derived vascular cells promote vascular regeneration in a HIF-1alpha dependent manner.
  • ANKZF1 is reported as a HIF-1alpha effector; transcriptional inactivation of ANKZF1 in human mesenchymal stem cells impairs pro-angiogenic processes under hypoxia.
High ANKZF1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer.
  • A TCGA bioinformatic analysis reports that high ANKZF1 expression is associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer; this is a correlative expression-outcome association.
Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
Ribosome-associated quality control
Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
ANKZF1 cleaves the peptidyl-tRNA in VCP hexamer:LTN1:NEMF:60S ribosome subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with K48polyUb-nascent peptide
file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
UniProt record for human ANKZF1
file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-notes.md
ANKZF1 curation notes
file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_gene_go_summary.tsv
Proteostasis Network projected GO summary
file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv
Proteostasis Network projected candidate additions
file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/mappings/mitochondrial_proteostasis.yaml
Proteostasis Network mitochondrial proteostasis mappings
file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_mapping_audit/current_mapping_scrutiny.tsv
Proteostasis Network mapping audit

Suggested Questions for Experts

Q: Does human ANKZF1 directly drive catabolism of mitochondrial proteins, or is the mitochondrial connection limited to stress-dependent localization and mitochondrial integrity phenotypes downstream of its RQC/VCP biology?

Suggested experts: Siu Sylvia Lee, Shin-ichi Kuroha, Sichen Shao

Q: In mammalian cells, does ANKZF1 act on mitochondria-targeted stalled nascent chains through the same cytosolic RQC substrate state, or through a distinct organelle-proximal mechanism?

Suggested experts: Siu Sylvia Lee, Sichen Shao

Q: Is the VCP/p97 interaction via the ANKZF1 VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R) required for ANKZF1's RQC nascent-chain release activity in cells, and should ANKZF1 carry a specific VCP/p97-binding molecular-function annotation rather than only generic protein binding?

Suggested experts: Alexander Buchberger, Sichen Shao

Q: Does ANKZF1-mediated RQC limit toxic repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products in neurons through its canonical tRNA-cleavage/nascent-chain release activity, and is this dependent on catalytic activity rather than a scaffolding role?

Suggested experts: Peter K Todd, Sami J Barmada

Suggested Experiments

Experiment: In endogenous ANKZF1 knockout cells rescued with wild-type, catalytic-dead, and VIM-mutant ANKZF1, compare turnover of defined mitochondrial protein quality-control substrates with turnover of stalled cytosolic RQC reporters after oxidative stress and translation-stall induction.

Hypothesis: ANKZF1's mitochondrial stress phenotype is separable from direct mitochondrial protein catabolism.

Type: genetic rescue and quantitative protein-turnover assay

Experiment: Use reporters encoding mitochondrial-targeting sequences followed by defined ribosome-stalling motifs, then assay ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage intermediates, nascent-chain ubiquitination, VCP dependence, and subcellular localization of the stalled complexes.

Hypothesis: ANKZF1 acts on mitochondria-targeted translation products only after they enter the canonical cytosolic RQC substrate state.

Type: stalled-translation reporter assay

Deep Research

Falcon

(ANKZF1-deep-research-falcon.md)
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate. Falcon Edison Scientific Literature 47 citations 2 artifacts 2026-06-07T04:37:07.895246

The research report should be a detailed narrative explaining the function, biological processes, and localization of the gene product. Citations should be given for all claims.

You should prioritize authoritative reviews and primary scientific literature when conducting research. You can supplement
this with annotations you find in gene/protein databases, but these can be outdated or inaccurate.

We are specifically interested in the primary function of the gene - for enzymes, what reaction is catalyzed, and what is the substrate specificity? For transporters, what is the substrate? For structural proteins or adapters, what is the broader structural role? For signaling molecules, what is the role in the pathway.

We are interested in where in or outside the cell the gene product carries out its function.

We are also interested in the signaling or biochemical pathways in which the gene functions. We are less interested in broad pleiotropic effects, except where these elucidate the precise role.

Include evidence where possible. We are interested in both experimental evidence as well as inference from structure, evolution, or bioinformatic analysis. Precise studies should be prioritized over high-throughput, where available.

Comprehensive Research Report: Human ANKZF1 (UniProt Q9H8Y5) โ€” Functional Annotation

1) Target verification (gene/protein identity)

ANKZF1 (also published as ZNF744) is the human ortholog of yeast Vms1, and the retrieved literature consistently uses this identity in the context of ribosome-associated quality control (RQC), p97/VCP cofactor biology, and stress-responsive mitochondrial quality control (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2). ANKZF1 is therefore the correct human target corresponding to the UniProt accession Q9H8Y5 provided by the user.

A key identity-defining feature is the presence of a VCP/p97-interacting motif (VIM) within ANKZF1/ZNF744, which binds the N-terminal domain of p97/VCP; this motif family was formalized by a minimal consensus RX5AAX2R, and ANKZF1/ZNF744 is explicitly included among VIM-containing p97 cofactors (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1).

2) Key concepts and definitions (current understanding)

2.1 Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC)

RQC is a conserved surveillance system that resolves stalled translation and targets incomplete nascent polypeptides for clearance. In mammals, stalled/collided ribosomes are recognized by the E3 ligase ZNF598, which ubiquitinates 40S proteins and promotes downstream splitting into a peptidylโ€‘tRNAโ€“bound 60S complex that becomes a substrate for RQC processing (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2).

2.2 ANKZF1 biochemical role within RQC

Across primary and review literature, ANKZF1 is positioned as the factor that liberates nascent chains from 60S peptidylโ€‘tRNA complexes during RQC, enabling subsequent p97/VCP-driven extraction and proteasomal degradation of aberrant translation products (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).

A mechanistic point of emphasis is that ANKZF1 is best-supported as a tRNA-cleaving endonuclease-like activity acting on the acceptor arm/CCA end of P-site peptidylโ€‘tRNAs on 60S RQC complexes, rather than a canonical eRF1-like peptidylโ€‘tRNA hydrolase in mammals (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3). This difference has led to mixed terminology (โ€œpeptidylโ€‘tRNA hydrolaseโ€ in some reviews vs โ€œtRNA endonuclease/acceptor-arm cleavageโ€ in reconstitution studies), but both descriptions converge on the same functional outcome: release of the nascent chain from the tRNA/60S complex as a prerequisite for clearance (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5).

3) Primary molecular function (enzyme activity, substrates, products)

3.1 Substrate specificity

The experimentally supported substrate is the peptidylโ€‘tRNA resident on stalled 60S ribosomeโ€“nascent chain complexes that arise after stalled ribosomes are split and RQC factors assemble (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).

3.2 Reaction outcome and products

Evidence supports that ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA 3โ€ฒ end / acceptor-arm region, removing the universally conserved CCA (positions 74โ€“76) and generating a tRNA product that carries a 2โ€ฒ,3โ€ฒ-cyclic phosphate at the discriminator base N73 (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).

A quantitative detail from in vitro mammalian reconstitution is that the released ubiquitinated nascent chain can remain linked to a short 3โ€ฒ terminal tRNA remnant; one reported value is four 3โ€ฒ-terminal tRNA nucleotides remaining attached to released ubiquitinated nascent chains (Ubโ€‘NCs) (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2). Other mechanistic frameworks/reviews reiterate release of Ubโ€‘NCs linked to three 3โ€ฒ terminal nucleotides (miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2), highlighting that the exact remnant length can be described slightly differently depending on experimental context and citation lineage.

3.3 Downstream tRNA repair/recycling

Because ANKZF1 cleavage generates a noncanonical tRNA end (including a cyclic phosphate), the tRNA must be repaired before reuse. In mammals, ELAC1 is supported as the repair enzyme: purified ELAC1 can process the cyclic-phosphate-ended tRNA species into a form that becomes a substrate for the CCA-adding enzyme TRNT1, enabling tRNA recycling (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6).

4) Pathways and mechanistic placement (step-by-step)

A current mammalian pathway model consistent with the retrieved evidence is:

  1. Stalling/collision sensing: translation stress yields stalled/collided ribosomes; ZNF598 ubiquitinates small subunit proteins (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2).
  2. Ribosome splitting: the stalled ribosome is dissociated to generate a peptidylโ€‘tRNAโ€“bound 60S complex (mcgirr2025dysregulatedribosomequality pages 2-4, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2).
  3. 60S RQC assembly: NEMF associates with 60S and helps recruit the E3 ligase Listerin/LTN1 to ubiquitinate the nascent chain (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5).
  4. ANKZF1-catalyzed nascent chain release: ANKZF1 acts on the peptidylโ€‘tRNA on the 60S complex to free the nascent chain for clearance (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2).
  5. Extraction and degradation: the AAA ATPase p97/VCP (with UFD1/NPLOC4) extracts ubiquitinated substrates for delivery to the proteasome (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).
  6. tRNA repair: tRNA fragments produced by ANKZF1 cleavage are repaired by ELAC1 and then re-CCAโ€™d by TRNT1 (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).

A visual summary of this mechanism (contrasting ANKZF1-mediated processing with Ptrh1-mediated release of non-ubiquitinated substrates) is shown in the graphical abstract of Kuroha et al. 2018 (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated media cd140b48).

5) Key interaction partners and complex biology

5.1 p97/VCP interaction via VIM

ANKZF1 contains a VIM that mediates interaction with p97/VCP. The motif consensus RX5AAX2R was defined as a minimal p97-binding element, and experimental approaches including pull-downs, yeast two-hybrid, and NMR mapping support VIM-mediated binding to the p97 N-domain (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4). This interaction is central to positioning ANKZF1 within p97-linked proteostasis networks.

5.2 RQC factor coupling

ANKZF1 function is coupled with core RQC factors including NEMF, Listerin/LTN1, and the p97/VCP extraction module, with ANKZF1 acting after 60S RQC complex formation to enable downstream degradation (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5).

6) Subcellular localization (where ANKZF1 acts)

Baseline localization: In human cells, ANKZF1 is reported as diffuse/cytosolic under basal conditions (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2).

Stress-induced relocalization: Under cellular stress (notably oxidative stress), ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria, and this can occur together with VCP (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2). Functionally, ANKZF1 depletion reduces mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress conditions, linking its localization dynamics to mitochondrial homeostasis (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2).

7) Recent developments (prioritizing 2023โ€“2024)

7.1 2024: ANKZF1 suppresses RAN translation from GC-rich repeats (C9ALS/FTD model)

A 2024 Nucleic Acids Research study found that depletion of ANKZF1 (alongside other RQC factors) increases accumulation of repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and CGG (FMR1) repeats, while overexpression of ANKZF1 reduces RAN products in reporters and decreases GP dipeptide repeat abundance in C9 patient iPSC-derived neurons (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18). The same study reports that loss of ANKZF1 had the greatest impact among tested modifiers on RAN product accumulation, supporting ANKZF1 as a potent limiter of toxic repeat translation outputs (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20).

7.2 2024: Mitochondrial stress engages RQC steps that include ANKZF1

A 2024 Nature Communications paper (focused on ZNF598 regulation) explicitly situates ANKZF1 within mitochondrial-stress-responsive RQC steps: stalled translation triggers downstream quality control events including release of stalled nascent chains from the peptidylโ€‘tRNA/60S complex by ANKZF1 (geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2).

7.3 2024: ANKZF1 is a HIF-1ฮฑ target gene that contributes to angiogenic programs

A 2024 Protein & Cell study using genome-edited human ESC-derived vascular lineages reports that ANKZF1 acts as a novel HIFโ€‘1ฮฑ target gene in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). ANKZF1 knockout hMSCs displayed reduced migration and tube formation under hypoxia, consistent with ANKZF1 contributing to pro-angiogenic processes (lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11).

8) Current applications and real-world implementations

8.1 Human genetics / disease mechanism: infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IO-IBD)

Biallelic ANKZF1 mutations were associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease, and patient-derived cellular phenotypes included increased apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial respiration; mechanistically, wild-type ANKZF1 is cytosolic but translocates to mitochondria upon stress, whereas at least one patient allele (R585Q) showed impaired stress-induced translocation (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4). This represents a direct human disease link and provides a functional assay framework (stress-induced mitochondrial recruitment/respiration) for variant interpretation.

8.2 Oncology: prognostic biomarker in colon cancer (TCGA-based)

A TCGA-based survival analysis reported that high ANKZF1 expression is associated with poorer outcomes in colon cancer: overall survival HR 2.094 (95% CI 1.188โ€“3.689; p=0.011) and recurrence-free survival HR 1.762 (95% CI 1.021โ€“3.042; p=0.042) (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2). Additional models reported significant associations for CRC overall (e.g., OS HR 1.661, p=0.007; RFS HR 1.969, p=0.001) and colon-specific analyses (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 2-4). These results motivate ANKZF1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker and as a gene to integrate into angiogenesis/proteostasis pathway models.

8.3 RQC modulation as a therapeutic concept (preclinical)

The 2024 repeat-expansion work proposes that augmenting RQC (including ANKZF1 activity) might reduce toxic repeat-derived products, suggesting a translational hypothesis relevant to currently untreatable repeat expansion disorders (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 1-5, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18). This is still preclinical (cellular/iPSC-derived neuron systems), but it defines a clear experimental intervention: overexpression or enhancement of RQC factors.

8.4 Platform-level evidence and screening readouts

Open Targets reports ANKZF1 associations with inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegenerative disease, lysosomal storage disease, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease, with scores (e.g., neurodegenerative disease score ~0.555) driven largely by pathway-perturbation signals in CRISPRi screens in neuronal contexts (OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1). This supports prioritization of ANKZF1 in functional genomics pipelines, although it should be interpreted as associative/screen-derived rather than causal clinical proof.

9) Expert opinion and authoritative synthesis (reviews and mechanistic framing)

Mechanistic reviews place ANKZF1/Vms1 as the factor responsible for releasing nascent chains from peptidylโ€‘tRNA on 60S RQC complexes, upstream of p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation, and emphasize that RQC intersects with organelle-localized translation/proteostasis (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5). A key expert-level nuance is that mammalian biochemical reconstitution supports a cleavage mechanism in the tRNA acceptor arm/CCA end rather than a canonical GGQ-like hydrolysis mechanism, explaining persistent terminology differences while preserving agreement on functional role (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3).

10) Relevant statistics and data highlights

  • Colon cancer prognosis: high ANKZF1 expression associated with worse OS and RFS with hazard ratios and confidence intervals (e.g., OS HR 2.094; RFS HR 1.762) (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2).
  • Open Targets disease association scores: neurodegenerative disease 0.555; lysosomal storage disease 0.428; inflammatory bowel disease 0.374; Alzheimer disease 0.240; Parkinson disease 0.233 (OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1).
  • Biochemical product detail: Ub-nascent chains released by ANKZF1 can remain linked to four 3โ€ฒ terminal tRNA nucleotides in one mammalian reconstitution context (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2).

Evidence map (summary table)

Category Evidence summary Key citations Publication date & URL
Identity/domains Human ANKZF1 corresponds to UniProt Q9H8Y5 and the literature synonym ZNF744; it is the mammalian ortholog of yeast Vms1 and contains ankyrin repeats, zinc-finger regions, a mitochondrial targeting domain (MTD), and a VCP/p97-interacting motif (VIM). The VIM consensus was defined as RX5AAX2R and is necessary/sufficient for p97 binding. (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4) 2011-11-04, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472; 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022
Enzymatic activity ANKZF1 is experimentally supported as an RQC-associated tRNA-cleaving factor that releases stalled nascent chains from 60S complexes. In mammalian systems it cleaves the acceptor arm/CCA end of peptidyl-tRNA, although some reviews describe the overall outcome as peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis; the mechanistic consensus is release of nascent chains by ANKZF1 at stalled 60S ribosomes. (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5) 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201
Substrate & products The substrate is peptidyl-tRNA on stalled 60S ribosomeโ€“nascent chain complexes in RQC. ANKZF1 removes CCA74-76, generating a tRNA with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate at discriminator base N73, and released nascent chains remain attached to a short tRNA remnant reported as 3-4 terminal nucleotides depending on assay/context. (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2) 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2018-10-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022; 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087
Pathway context (RQC steps) In canonical mammalian RQC, ribosome stalling/collision triggers ZNF598-mediated 40S ubiquitination and ASCC-dependent splitting; NEMF and Listerin act on the 60S nascent-chain complex, and ANKZF1 then releases the stalled nascent chain for downstream p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation. Cleaved tRNAs are repaired by ELAC1 and then re-CCA-added by TRNT1. (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6, miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2) 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087
Key interactors Key pathway partners include VCP/p97 (via the VIM), NEMF/Rqc2, Listerin/LTN1, UFD1/NPLOC4, ELAC1, and TRNT1. Evidence supports direct VIM-dependent p97 binding through the p97 N-domain and functional coupling of ANKZF1 to ubiquitinated 60S RQC substrates. (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3, stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4, yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 1-3, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5) 2011-11-04, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472; 2020-02-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082; 2020-01-27, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201
Subcellular localization Basally, human ANKZF1 is predominantly diffuse/cytosolic, but upon cellular or mitochondrial stress it relocalizes to mitochondria, often together with VCP. Loss-of-function alleles can impair this stress-induced mitochondrial translocation and are associated with reduced mitochondrial integrity/respiration. (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4, haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3) 2017-05-12, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038
Recent 2023-2024 developments In 2024, ANKZF1 was identified as a strong suppressor of toxic RAN translation from GC-rich repeats in reporter systems and C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons; loss of ANKZF1 had among the largest effects on RAN product accumulation. Other 2024 work placed ANKZF1 within mitochondrial-stress-responsive RQC and identified it as a HIF-1ฮฑ target contributing to angiogenic phenotypes in human MSCs. (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18, geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2, lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 1-2, lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11) 2024-02-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137; 2024-02-22, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3; 2024-05-08, https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027
Disease/translational relevance Biallelic ANKZF1 mutations are associated with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease with apoptosis and mitochondrial respiration defects in patient cells. High ANKZF1 expression is also associated with worse colon cancer outcomes, and platform-level evidence links ANKZF1 to neurodegenerative, lysosomal, Alzheimer, and Parkinson disease contexts. (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2, zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2, OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1, tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18) 2017-05-12, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038; 2019-06, https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920; 2025, Open Targets Platform reference in Nucleic Acids Research
Key quantitative stats Colon cancer studies reported high ANKZF1 expression associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival: HR 2.094 (95% CI 1.188-3.689; p=0.011) and HR 1.762 (95% CI 1.021-3.042; p=0.042); broader CRC analyses also reported OS HR 1.661 (95% CI 1.145-2.408; p=0.007) and RFS HR 1.969 (95% CI 1.299-2.984; p=0.001). Open Targets disease association scores included neurodegenerative disease 0.555, lysosomal storage disease 0.428, inflammatory bowel disease 0.374, Alzheimer disease 0.240, and Parkinson disease 0.233. (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 8-9, zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 2-4, OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1) 2019-06, https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920; 2025, Open Targets Platform reference in Nucleic Acids Research

Table: This table summarizes experimentally supported functions, pathway context, localization, interactors, and translational relevance for human ANKZF1/Q9H8Y5. It is designed as a compact evidence map for downstream functional annotation and report writing.

Limitations and open questions (evidence-based)

  1. Mechanistic nomenclature: Primary reconstitution work supports endonucleolytic cleavage of tRNA acceptor arm/CCA end, while some reviews generalize this as peptidylโ€‘tRNA hydrolysis; future structural/kinetic work could further unify these descriptions (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4, inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6).
  2. Quantitative effect sizes in recent 2024 studies: The retrieved text chunks for some 2024 papers (e.g., RAN translation modulation and angiogenesis phenotypes) described statistical significance but did not include the numeric effect sizes in the extracted pages; these are likely in figures/supplement and would require targeted figure/table extraction for exact values (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18, lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11).

Key references (URLs and dates)

  • Stapf et al. 2011-11 (J Biol Chem): VIM consensus RX5AAX2R; ANKZF1/ZNF744 as p97 cofactor. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472 (stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3)
  • van Haaftenโ€‘Visser et al. 2017-05 (J Biol Chem): ANKZF1 mutations in infantile-onset IBD; cytosolโ†’mitochondria stress translocation; mitochondrial respiration defects. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038 (haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2)
  • Kuroha et al. 2018-10 (Mol Cell): mammalian reconstitution; ANKZF1 releases Ubโ€‘NCs by tRNA acceptor-arm cleavage; graphical abstract. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022 (kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2, kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated media cd140b48)
  • Inada 2020-01 (NAR, review): RQC pathway framework including ANKZF1 placement and downstream p97 extraction. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201 (inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6)
  • Yip et al. 2020-02 (Cell Reports): ELAC1 repairs tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 during RQC. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082 (yip2020elac1repairstrnas pages 4-6)
  • Tseng et al. 2024-02 (NAR): ANKZF1 suppresses RAN products in GC-rich repeat translation; effects in C9 patient iPSC-derived neurons. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137 (tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18)
  • Geng et al. 2024-02 (Nat Commun): mitochondrial stress upregulates ZNF598 axis; RQC steps include ANKZF1-mediated release. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3 (geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2)
  • Lei et al. 2024-05 (Protein & Cell): ANKZF1 is a HIFโ€‘1ฮฑ target; ANKZF1 KO hMSCs show reduced angiogenic phenotypes. https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027 (lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11)
  • Zhou et al. 2019-06 (Future Oncology): colon cancer prognosis HRs for ANKZF1 expression. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920 (zhou2019highankzf1expression pages 1-2)
  • Open Targets Platform (database): disease association scores (IBD, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.). (OpenTargets Search: -ANKZF1)

References

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Artifacts

Citations

  1. kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 1-2
  2. miscicka2024ribosomalcollisionis pages 1-2
  3. haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 1-2
  4. tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 16-18
  5. tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 18-20
  6. geng2024stalledtranslationby pages 1-2
  7. lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 10-11
  8. stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 2-3
  9. inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-6
  10. stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 1-1
  11. inada2020qualitycontrolsinduced pages 5-5
  12. kuroha2018releaseofubiquitinated pages 2-4
  13. mcgirr2025dysregulatedribosomequality pages 2-4
  14. stapf2011thegeneraldefinition pages 3-4
  15. haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 3-4
  16. haaftenvisser2017ankyrinrepeatand pages 2-3
  17. tseng2024ribosomalqualitycontrol pages 1-5
  18. lei2024humanescderivedvascular pages 1-2
  19. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472;
  20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022
  21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022;
  22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082;
  23. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201
  24. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087
  25. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201;
  26. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038
  27. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137;
  28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3;
  29. https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027
  30. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038;
  31. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920;
  32. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472
  33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082
  34. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137
  35. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3
  36. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920
  37. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.274472,
  38. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m116.772038,
  39. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1201,
  40. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae087,
  41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.022,
  42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.082,
  43. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17217,
  44. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae137,
  45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45525-3,
  46. https://doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwad027,
  47. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0920,

๐Ÿ“š Additional Documentation

Notes

(ANKZF1-notes.md)

ANKZF1 PN review notes

Deep research provider status: the Falcon deep-research job was attempted first and timed out after 600 seconds. The configured perplexity-lite fallback was attempted next and failed with a Perplexity API 401 quota error. No provider-authored deep-research file was produced, so this review uses the cached UniProt, GOA, publication, Reactome, PANTHER, and PN projection sources directly.

ANKZF1 is best curated as a cytosolic ribosome-associated quality-control factor. UniProt summarizes the core activity as an endonuclease that cleaves polypeptidyl-tRNAs downstream of RQC to release incompletely synthesized polypeptides for degradation and states that ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs are repaired and recycled by ELAC1 and TRNT1 [file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt, "Endonuclease that cleaves polypeptidyl-tRNAs downstream of"].

The direct literature support is strong for RQC and tRNA cleavage. Verma et al. showed human ANKZF1 activity in a conserved stalled-ribosome release assay: "Purified Ankzf1 ... catalyzed deacylation" and framed the pathway as preventing aggregation/proteotoxic stress when nascent chains are not degraded [PMID:29632312, "Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress"; PMID:29632312, "Purified Ankzf1"]. Kuroha et al. refined the mechanism in a mammalian RQC system: ANKZF1 does not act as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase, but "induces specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA" and releases proteasome-degradable nascent chains linked to a short tRNA fragment [PMID:30244831, "specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA"; PMID:30244831, "In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs"]. Su et al. show ANKZF1/Vms1p precisely cleaves the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes [PMID:31011209, "polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA"]. Yip et al. support this in cells by showing ELAC1 repair of ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs during ribosome stalling [PMID:32075755, "Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates"].

Existing GOA protein-quality-control and stalled-cytosolic-ribosome annotations are therefore core and should be accepted. The existing MF annotations to RNA endonuclease activity and catalytic activity acting on a tRNA are biologically correct but less specific than GO:0004549 tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity, so they were marked MODIFY to that term.

The IBA ERAD pathway annotation appears to be an overprojection from a broad Vms1/Cdc48 quality-control relationship. The human evidence supports cytosolic RQC and stress-dependent mitochondrial context, not a direct ERAD pathway role.

PN projection check: the Proteostasis projection already has ANKZF1 exactly covered for GO:0006515 under Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_gene_go_summary.tsv, "ANKZF1 GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins"]. The new PN candidate is GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process from the mitochondrial proteostasis Vms pathway row [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv, "ANKZF1 GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process"]. The mapping source is a broad parent class for organelle-specific protein degradation, while the Vms pathway child itself is no-mapping, and the mapping audit requires manual gene-level review before changes [file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/mappings/mitochondrial_proteostasis.yaml, "No additional direct GO mapping is appropriate from this node"; file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_mapping_audit/current_mapping_scrutiny.tsv, "manual_gene_level_review_required_before_gene_review_change"]. I do not see direct human evidence that ANKZF1 catalyzes mitochondrial protein catabolism. The mitochondrial evidence is stress localization/mitochondrial integrity: ANKZF1 "translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress" and ANKZF1 depletion reduces mitochondrial integrity and respiration under stress [PMID:28302725, "translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress"; PMID:28302725, "integrity and mitochondrial respiration under conditions of cellular stress"]. Therefore GO:0035694 should not be added for ANKZF1 in this pass.

The HIV AP-MS protein-binding row is a generic interaction annotation from a large-scale host-virus screen [PMID:22190034, "physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host"]. The NK-cell membrane annotation is from a high-throughput membrane proteome that explicitly includes many proteins transiently associated with membranes [PMID:19946888, "transiently associated with membranes"]. Both are non-core/over-annotated relative to direct ANKZF1 biology.

Falcon deep research findings (2026-06-07)

A Falcon (Edison Scientific) deep-research report was generated and reviewed. It confirms the existing RQC-centric curation and adds several literature contexts not previously captured. PMIDs below resolved via DOI/PubMed lookup.

  • CONFIRMS (molecular function / process / localization): The report reiterates the existing core picture - ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA acceptor arm/3'-CCA of P-site peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes (not a canonical peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase), releasing nascent chains for p97/VCP extraction and proteasomal degradation, with ELAC1/TRNT1 recycling cleaved tRNAs; basal cytosolic localization with stress-induced mitochondrial translocation. No change warranted to existing annotations. The recurring "peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase" vs "tRNA endonuclease / acceptor-arm cleavage" terminology split is noted but both converge on nascent-chain release [PMID:30244831, "specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA"].

  • NEW (interaction / mechanism, well-supported): The VCP/p97 interaction is mediated by a defined VCP-interacting motif (VIM, consensus RX5AAX2R) that binds the p97 N-domain; ANKZF1/ZNF744 was one of the founding members used to define this VIM cofactor family [PMID:21896481 Stapf 2011 "The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting motif (VIM)..."]. This gives a concrete, informative replacement context for the generic "protein binding" annotation (VCP binding via VIM), though I am not adding a VCP-binding GO annotation in this conservative pass since there is no existing GOA row to modify.

  • NEW (biological process, disease-adjacent, well-supported): ANKZF1 (with NEMF and LTN1) limits repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of toxic dipeptide-repeat products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and CGG (FMR1) repeats; ANKZF1 depletion boosts RAN products and overexpression reduces them in reporters and C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons [PMID:38412259 Tseng 2024]. This is a disease-relevant consequence of the same core RQC activity, not a new molecular function.

  • NEW (process context, well-supported): Mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 RQC pathway in which downstream steps include ANKZF1-mediated release of stalled nascent chains; ZNF598 overexpression clears faulty translation products of mitochondrial outer-membrane mRNAs and improves mitochondrial/tissue health in Drosophila disease models [PMID:38388640 Geng 2024]. Connects RQC to mitochondrial proteostasis but does not, by itself, establish ANKZF1 catalyzing mitochondrial protein catabolism.

  • NEW (regulation / physiology, moderate confidence): ANKZF1 is reported as a HIF-1alpha effector/target gene; CRISPR-edited ANKZF1-inactivated human MSCs show impaired pro-angiogenic processes under hypoxia [PMID:37158785 Lei 2024]. Plausible but tangential to the core RQC function; treated as non-core context only.

  • PROVISIONAL / low weight (oncology biomarker, correlative): High ANKZF1 expression associates with poorer overall and recurrence-free survival in colon cancer in a TCGA bioinformatic analysis (OS HR 2.094, 95% CI 1.188-3.689, p=0.011) [PMID:31257922 Zhou 2019]. Correlative expression-survival association; does not inform GO annotation.

  • Reviews / supporting framework (not used to change annotations): Inada 2020 NAR RQC review (DOI:10.1093/nar/gkz1201) and McGirr 2025 FEBS J RQC-disease review (DOI:10.1111/febs.17217) place ANKZF1 within the canonical mammalian RQC step order; Miscicka 2024 NAR (DOI:10.1093/nar/gkae087) covers upstream ZNF598/ASCC ribosome splitting. Open Targets disease-association scores cited in the report are platform/screen-derived and not used here.

Net effect on the review: the existing annotation actions remain correct and unchanged. I added the genuinely-new primary references (Stapf 2011 VIM; Tseng 2024 RAN; Geng 2024 mito-stress RQC; Lei 2024 HIF-1alpha; Zhou 2019 colon cancer) to the references list as statement-only entries, and added a couple of suggested questions reflecting the VIM/p97 mechanism and the RAN-translation link.

Pn Notes

(ANKZF1-pn-notes.md)

ANKZF1 PN Consistency Notes

  • Generated: 2026-06-18
  • Project: PROTEOSTASIS
  • Scope: PN consistency rereview against local AIGR review and available deep-research artifacts
  • UniProt: Q9H8Y5
  • AIGR review status: COMPLETE
  • Review batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 (PR 1365)
  • Batch change status: added

Source Files Checked

Deep Research Files

AIGR Review Snapshot

  • Description: ANKZF1 is a cytosolic tRNA endonuclease in the ribosome-associated quality-control pathway. It acts after stalled-ribosome splitting on 60S ribosome-nascent-chain complexes, cleaving the terminal 3'-CCA region of P-site peptidyl-tRNA to release incomplete nascent polypeptides for degradation and to generate tRNA repair intermediates that can be recycled. ANKZF1 also binds VCP/p97 and has a stress-responsive mitochondrial context, translocating to mitochondria under oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial integrity.
  • Existing/core annotation action counts: ACCEPT: 12; KEEP_AS_NON_CORE: 1; MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED: 2; MODIFY: 6; REMOVE: 1

PN Consistency Summary

  • Consistency: Mostly consistent, with one deliberate PN-vs-review divergence (see below). DR โ†” notes โ†” YAML agree: ANKZF1 is a cytosolic RQC tRNA endonuclease (acceptor-arm/3'-CCA cleavage on 60S RQC), VCP/VIM cofactor.
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN projects two ok_for_propagation terms. GO:0006515 (already_in_goa) โ€” review ACCEPTs (multiple IDA, PMID:29632312/30244831). GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process (PN new_to_goa, verified real): review DECLINES. Notes find no direct human evidence ANKZF1 catalyzes mito protein catabolism; mito link is stress translocation/RQC-of-OMM-mRNAs (PMID:28302725, 38388640), not catabolism. Conclude: GO:0035694 over-reaches for this gene โ†’ already-captured story is RQC (GO:0006515); mito-catabolism not supported.
  • Evidence alignment: PN row-3 cites PMID:28451587 (VIM); review/DR use PMID:21896481 (Stapf VIM definition) instead โ€” both VIM-defining, complementary. Strong overlap on RQC PMIDs (29632312, 30244831, 31011209, 32075755). MF refined: RNA-endonuclease/GO:0140101 MODIFYโ†’GO:0004549 tRNA-specific ribonuclease (verified real). ERAD IBA (GO:0036503) REMOVEd as Vms1/Cdc48 over-projection.
  • Verdict: Consistent; GO:0006515 ACCEPT matches PN. PN GO:0035694 over-reaches for ANKZF1; review correctly declines (no human mito-catabolism evidence).

Full Consistency Review

  • UniProt: Q9H8Y5 ยท batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03 (Falcon DR 2026-06-07) ยท review status: COMPLETE
  • PN placement: 3 rows, MI/TR/UPS. (1) Mitochondrial proteostasis|Organelle-specific protein degradation|Vms pathway; (2) Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC|VCP system for RQC; (3) UPS|VCP and associated proteins|adaptors|VIM|ankyrin repeats. PN-node mapping: mito class=mappedโ†’GO:0035694 mito protein catabolic (new_to_goa); RQC group=mappedโ†’GO:0006515 protein QC (already_in_goa_exact); VCP-adaptor nodes=no_mapping/context_only (GO:0034098, GO:0043335).
  • Consistency: Mostly consistent, with one deliberate PN-vs-review divergence (see below). DR โ†” notes โ†” YAML agree: ANKZF1 is a cytosolic RQC tRNA endonuclease (acceptor-arm/3'-CCA cleavage on 60S RQC), VCP/VIM cofactor.
  • PN story / NEW pressure: PN projects two ok_for_propagation terms. GO:0006515 (already_in_goa) โ€” review ACCEPTs (multiple IDA, PMID:29632312/30244831). GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process (PN new_to_goa, verified real): review DECLINES. Notes find no direct human evidence ANKZF1 catalyzes mito protein catabolism; mito link is stress translocation/RQC-of-OMM-mRNAs (PMID:28302725, 38388640), not catabolism. Conclude: GO:0035694 over-reaches for this gene โ†’ already-captured story is RQC (GO:0006515); mito-catabolism not supported.
  • Mapping strategy: GO:0035694 derives from a broad parent class (Organelle-specific protein degradation), while the Vms-pathway child itself is no_mapping; the mapping audit flagged it manual_gene_level_review_required. Gene-level review here rejects propagation to ANKZF1 โ€” node mapping should not project GO:0035694 onto ANKZF1.
  • Evidence alignment: PN row-3 cites PMID:28451587 (VIM); review/DR use PMID:21896481 (Stapf VIM definition) instead โ€” both VIM-defining, complementary. Strong overlap on RQC PMIDs (29632312, 30244831, 31011209, 32075755). MF refined: RNA-endonuclease/GO:0140101 MODIFYโ†’GO:0004549 tRNA-specific ribonuclease (verified real). ERAD IBA (GO:0036503) REMOVEd as Vms1/Cdc48 over-projection.
  • Verdict: Consistent; GO:0006515 ACCEPT matches PN. PN GO:0035694 over-reaches for ANKZF1; review correctly declines (no human mito-catabolism evidence).
  • Recommended edits: none to ANKZF1-ai-review.yaml. [MAP] do not propagate GO:0035694 from the mito "Organelle-specific protein degradation" class to ANKZF1 (Vms-pathway leaf is no_mapping; gene-level evidence is RQC/stress-translocation, not mito proteolysis).

PN Dossier Context

  • review_batch: proteostasis-batch-2026-06-03
  • review_yaml: genes/human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-ai-review.yaml
  • PN workbook rows: 3

PN row 1: Mitochondrial proteostasis | Organelle-specific protein degradation | Vms pathway

  • UniProt: Q9H8Y5
  • In branches: MI, TR, UPS
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [group] Mitochondrial proteostasis|Organelle-specific protein degradation|Vms pathway
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a narrower taxonomy bucket that is already covered by a curated parent mapping or by gene-level annotations. No additional direct GO mapping is appropriate from this node.
    • [class] Mitochondrial proteostasis|Organelle-specific protein degradation
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process]
      rationale: This PN class groups mitochondrial protein-degradation pathways. GO mitochondrial protein catabolic process is the conservative shared target.
    • [branch] Mitochondrial proteostasis
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a top-level PN branch. This is a systems/taxonomy umbrella, not a direct GO assertion; narrower child curations carry any propagating GO mappings.

PN row 2: Translation | Cytosolic translation | Ribosome-associated QC | VCP system for RQC

  • UniProt: Q9H8Y5
  • In branches: MI, TR, UPS
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [type] Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC|VCP system for RQC
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a broad PN category rather than a single GO class. The member genes span multiple activities, complexes, or contexts, so direct propagation from this node would overstate the shared biology.
    • [group] Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC
      status=mapped scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go GO=[GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins]
      rationale: The PN ribosome-associated quality-control group covers surveillance and disposal of stalled or defective nascent-chain translation products. GO lacks a dedicated ribosome-associated QC term in the local cache, so the broader protein-quality-control process is the best supported target.
    • [class] Translation|Cytosolic translation
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0002181 cytoplasmic translation]
      rationale: The PN class Cytosolic translation is centered on the cytoplasmic translation apparatus and process, but it also houses supporting machinery such as ribosome biogenesis factors. The GO process term is a useful high-level label for the class, but propagating it to all members would over-annotate genes whose PN placement is through assembly or maturation context rather than core cytoplasmic translation.
    • [branch] Translation
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0006412 translation]
      rationale: The PN Translation branch is organized around the translation apparatus and immediately associated cotranslational quality-control systems. GO translation is the closest high-level process label, but the PN branch also contains adjacent machinery such as ribosome biogenesis and nascent-chain handling. Keeping this relationship is useful for interpretation, but it is too broad to project safely onto every member.

PN row 3: Ubiquitin Proteasome System | VCP and associated proteins | adaptors | VIM | ankyrin repeats

  • UniProt: Q9H8Y5
  • In branches: MI, TR, UPS
  • Signature domains: PMID: 28451587 (VIM)
  • Auxiliary domains: IPR002110
  • PN references (titles):
    • 28451587
  • PN-node mapping records (path + ancestors):
    • [subtype] Ubiquitin Proteasome System|VCP and associated proteins|adaptors|VIM|ankyrin repeats
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a VCP-adaptor motif or architecture subdivision. The label is useful taxonomy but too indirect for direct GO propagation without gene-level evidence.
    • [type] Ubiquitin Proteasome System|VCP and associated proteins|adaptors|VIM
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as a VCP-adaptor motif or architecture subdivision. The label is useful taxonomy but too indirect for direct GO propagation without gene-level evidence.
    • [group] Ubiquitin Proteasome System|VCP and associated proteins|adaptors
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0034098 VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex]
      rationale: This PN group records VCP adaptor context, but it mixes UBX, SHP, VIM, VBM, membrane, and other adaptor classes. Direct propagation should come only from narrower complex-specific nodes or gene-level review.
    • [class] Ubiquitin Proteasome System|VCP and associated proteins
      status=context_only scope=too_broad_to_propagate GO=[GO:0043335 protein unfolding]
      rationale: This class records the VCP segregase branch context, but descendants include VCP, substrate adaptors, DUBs, E3 ligases, channels, and unrelated associated enzymes. Direct propagation is restricted to narrower nodes.
    • [branch] Ubiquitin Proteasome System
      status=no_mapping scope= GO=[]
      rationale: Reviewed as the top-level UPS branch. It is a project taxonomy umbrella rather than a direct GO assertion; UPS propagation must come from manually curated child nodes.

Projected GO annotations (2)

  • GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=new_to_goa | from=Mitochondrial proteostasis|Organelle-specific protein degradation
  • GO:0006515 protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins | scope=ok_for_propagation_to_go | goa_status=already_in_goa_exact | from=Translation|Cytosolic translation|Ribosome-associated QC

Note

This file is generated from the current PROTEOSTASIS phase-1 dossier and local gene-review artifacts. Edit the source review, PN mapping, or dossier rather than this generated note when correcting the underlying curation.

๐Ÿ“„ View Raw YAML

id: Q9H8Y5
gene_symbol: ANKZF1
product_type: PROTEIN
status: COMPLETE
taxon:
  id: NCBITaxon:9606
  label: Homo sapiens
description: >-
  ANKZF1 is a cytosolic tRNA endonuclease in the ribosome-associated
  quality-control pathway. It acts after stalled-ribosome splitting on 60S
  ribosome-nascent-chain complexes, cleaving the terminal 3'-CCA region of
  P-site peptidyl-tRNA to release incomplete nascent polypeptides for
  degradation and to generate tRNA repair intermediates that can be recycled.
  ANKZF1 also binds VCP/p97 and has a stress-responsive mitochondrial context,
  translocating to mitochondria under oxidative stress and supporting
  mitochondrial integrity.
references:
- id: GO_REF:0000033
  title: Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees
  findings: []
- id: GO_REF:0000044
  title: Gene Ontology annotation based on UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Subcellular Location
    vocabulary mapping, accompanied by conservative changes to GO terms applied by
    UniProt
  findings: []
- id: PMID:19946888
  title: Defining the membrane proteome of NK cells.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:22190034
  title: Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:28302725
  title: Ankyrin repeat and zinc-finger domain-containing 1 mutations are associated
    with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:29632312
  title: Vms1 and ANKZF1 peptidyl-tRNA hydrolases release nascent chains from stalled
    ribosomes.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:30244831
  title: Release of Ubiquitinated and Non-ubiquitinated Nascent Chains from Stalled
    Mammalian Ribosomal Complexes by ANKZF1 and Ptrh1.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:31011209
  title: Mechanism for recycling tRNAs on stalled ribosomes.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:32075755
  title: ELAC1 Repairs tRNAs Cleaved during Ribosome-Associated Quality Control.
  findings: []
- id: PMID:21896481
  title: The general definition of the p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting
    motif (VIM) delineates a new family of p97 cofactors.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Defines the VCP-interacting motif (VIM, minimal consensus RX5AAX2R) and
      identifies ZNF744/ANKZF1 as a member of the VIM-containing p97/VCP cofactor
      family; the VIM is necessary and sufficient for binding the p97 N-terminal
      domain.
- id: PMID:38412259
  title: Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-AUG translation
    from GC-rich repeats.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Depletion of the RQC factors NEMF, LTN1 and ANKZF1 increases accumulation of
      repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation products from G4C2 (C9ORF72) and
      CGG (FMR1) repeats, while their overexpression reduces RAN products in
      reporters and in C9ALS/FTD patient iPSC-derived neurons.
- id: PMID:38388640
  title: Stalled translation by mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosomal
    quality control pathway important for tissue homeostasis.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      Mitochondrial stress upregulates a CNOT4-ZNF598 ribosome-associated
      quality-control pathway whose downstream steps include ANKZF1-mediated
      release of stalled nascent chains, linking RQC to mitochondrial and tissue
      homeostasis.
- id: PMID:37158785
  title: Human ESC-derived vascular cells promote vascular regeneration in a HIF-1alpha
    dependent manner.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      ANKZF1 is reported as a HIF-1alpha effector; transcriptional inactivation of
      ANKZF1 in human mesenchymal stem cells impairs pro-angiogenic processes
      under hypoxia.
- id: PMID:31257922
  title: High ANKZF1 expression is associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free
    survival in colon cancer.
  full_text_unavailable: true
  findings:
  - statement: >-
      A TCGA bioinformatic analysis reports that high ANKZF1 expression is
      associated with poorer overall survival and recurrence-free survival in
      colon cancer; this is a correlative expression-outcome association.
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
  title: Ribosome-associated quality control
  findings: []
- id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
  title: ANKZF1 cleaves the peptidyl-tRNA in VCP hexamer:LTN1:NEMF:60S ribosome
    subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with K48polyUb-nascent peptide
  findings: []
- id: file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
  title: UniProt record for human ANKZF1
  findings: []
- id: file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-notes.md
  title: ANKZF1 curation notes
  findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_gene_go_summary.tsv
  title: Proteostasis Network projected GO summary
  findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_projection/pn_projected_candidate_additions.tsv
  title: Proteostasis Network projected candidate additions
  findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/mappings/mitochondrial_proteostasis.yaml
  title: Proteostasis Network mitochondrial proteostasis mappings
  findings: []
- id: file:projects/PROTEOSTASIS/reports/pn_mapping_audit/current_mapping_scrutiny.tsv
  title: Proteostasis Network mapping audit
  findings: []
existing_annotations:
- term:
    id: GO:0036503
    label: ERAD pathway
  evidence_type: IBA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000033
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Remove. The phylogenetic transfer appears to over-project a Vms1/Cdc48
      quality-control relationship into ERAD. Human ANKZF1 evidence supports
      cytosolic ribosome-associated quality control and oxidative-stress
      mitochondrial context, not direct endoplasmic-reticulum-associated
      degradation.
    action: REMOVE
    reason: >-
      The experimentally supported conserved function is cleavage of
      peptidyl-tRNA on 60S RQC complexes, with downstream nascent-chain
      degradation. That is distinct from the ERAD pathway.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:30244831
    - PMID:31011209
    - PMID:32075755
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:30244831
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 does not function as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase.
    - reference_id: PMID:31011209
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 and Vms1p sever
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IEA
  original_reference_id: GO_REF:0000044
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct broad localization. UniProt and the oxidative-stress study place
      ANKZF1 in the cytoplasm, with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      Cytoplasm is a valid broad cellular component for ANKZF1, although the core
      RQC activity is more specifically cytosolic.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:28302725
    - file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:28302725
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
- term:
    id: GO:0005515
    label: protein binding
  evidence_type: IPI
  original_reference_id: PMID:22190034
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      Over-annotated. The source is a large-scale HIV-host interaction study and
      the generic protein binding term does not describe ANKZF1's biochemical
      role.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      Generic protein binding is uninformative for ANKZF1. A biologically
      relevant interaction is VCP/p97 binding through the VIM motif (consensus
      RX5AAX2R, defined in Stapf et al. 2011, which identified ANKZF1/ZNF744 as a
      VIM-containing p97 cofactor), but this HIV AP-MS annotation should not be
      treated as core function.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:21896481
    - file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:22190034
      supporting_text: physical interactions of all 18 HIV-1 proteins and polyproteins with host
- term:
    id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. Reactome places ANKZF1 in the RQC pathway, where it cleaves the
      tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA on stalled-ribosome 60S complexes.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      Rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosomes is a core biological process for
      ANKZF1 because its tRNA cleavage releases nascent chains from 60S RQC
      complexes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948299
      supporting_text: ANKZF1, which interacts with VCP, cleaves the C-terminal
- term:
    id: GO:0004521
    label: RNA endonuclease activity
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      The activity is correct but the more specific term tRNA-specific
      ribonuclease activity better captures ANKZF1's substrate and reaction.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      Reactome describes cleavage of the tRNA portion of peptidyl-tRNA. Use the
      more specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term rather than generic
      RNA endonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 cleaves the C-terminal 3 nucleotides, CCA, of the tRNA
- term:
    id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  evidence_type: TAS
  original_reference_id: Reactome:R-HSA-9948427
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. The RQC substrate and Reactome event are cytosolic
      ribosome-nascent-chain complexes.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      Cytosol is the best core cellular component for the RQC tRNA endonuclease
      activity.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:30244831
    - PMID:32075755
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:32075755
      supporting_text: Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) disassembles aberrantly stalled
- term:
    id: GO:0004521
    label: RNA endonuclease activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more
      specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      Kuroha et al. showed that ANKZF1 induces specific cleavage in the acceptor
      arm of 60S-bound P-site tRNA, so a tRNA-specific ribonuclease term is more
      informative than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:30244831
      supporting_text: specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
- term:
    id: GO:0004521
    label: RNA endonuclease activity
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      The experimental activity is correct but should be represented by the more
      specific tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity term.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      The paper identifies precise cleavage of the terminal 3'CCA nucleotides of
      polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes, matching tRNA-specific ribonuclease
      activity more closely than generic RNA endonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:31011209
      supporting_text: polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
- term:
    id: GO:0006515
    label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:29632312
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. ANKZF1 acts in ribosome-associated quality control to release
      nascent chains from stalled ribosomes for degradation.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      This term captures the protein-quality-control outcome of ANKZF1's RQC
      activity.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:29632312
      supporting_text: Failure to degrade the NCs leads to protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress
- term:
    id: GO:0006515
    label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. The mammalian RQC reconstitution links ANKZF1-mediated tRNA
      cleavage to release of nascent chains that can be degraded by the
      proteasome.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      ANKZF1 directly supports quality control of aberrant translation products
      in RQC.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:30244831
      supporting_text: In conclusion, ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
- term:
    id: GO:0006515
    label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. Cleavage of polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes releases
      ubiquitinated nascent proteins for proteasomal degradation.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The activity is a core protein quality-control step for incompletely
      synthesized polypeptides on stalled ribosomes.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:31011209
      supporting_text: releases ubiquitinated nascent proteins from 60S ribosomal subunits for proteasomal
- term:
    id: GO:0006515
    label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. ELAC1 repair work confirms ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage during
      ribosome stalling in mammalian cells.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The paper supports ANKZF1 as a cellular RQC factor whose cleavage products
      are repaired and recycled after stalled-ribosome events.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:32075755
      supporting_text: Deleting ELAC1 leads to the ANKZF1-dependent accumulation of unrepaired tRNA intermediates
- term:
    id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:29632312
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. Purified human ANKZF1 can act on stalled-ribosome peptidyl-tRNA
      substrates in the conserved RQC release step.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The annotation captures the RQC/ribosome-rescue context of the ANKZF1
      activity.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:29632312
      supporting_text: Purified Ankzf1
- term:
    id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. In vitro mammalian RQC reconstitution shows ANKZF1 acting on
      60S-bound P-site tRNA after stalled-ribosome processing.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      ANKZF1-mediated cleavage of 60S RQC complexes is a direct stalled-ribosome
      rescue step.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:30244831
      supporting_text: Here, we reconstituted the mammalian RQC pathway in vitro
- term:
    id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs from stalled ribosomes by
      cleaving the terminal 3'CCA region.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      This is a direct mechanistic description of the stalled-ribosome rescue
      role.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:31011209
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 liberates peptidyl-tRNAs
- term:
    id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. The ELAC1 study describes ANKZF1 cleavage of P-site tRNA as a key
      RQC step after ribosome stalling.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      The annotation is directly supported by stalled-ribosome RQC evidence.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:32075755
      supporting_text: RQC is the cleavage of P-site tRNA by the endonuclease ANKZF1
- term:
    id: GO:0140101
    label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:30244831
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1's activity is specifically
      tRNA ribonuclease cleavage in the 60S RQC substrate context.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
      ribonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:30244831
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 induces specific tRNA cleavage in ubiquitinated 60S RNCs
- term:
    id: GO:0140101
    label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:31011209
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct substrate class but too broad. The paper supports precise tRNA
      cleavage rather than an unspecified tRNA catalytic activity.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
      ribonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:31011209
      supporting_text: terminal 3'CCA nucleotides universal to all tRNAs
- term:
    id: GO:0140101
    label: catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:32075755
  qualifier: enables
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct substrate class but too broad. ANKZF1 is a tRNA endonuclease in
      RQC, not merely a generic enzyme acting on tRNA.
    action: MODIFY
    reason: >-
      Replace the generic tRNA catalytic-activity term with tRNA-specific
      ribonuclease activity.
    proposed_replacement_terms:
    - id: GO:0004549
      label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:32075755
      supporting_text: tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
- term:
    id: GO:0005737
    label: cytoplasm
  evidence_type: IDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:28302725
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Correct. The disease/stress paper reports diffuse cytoplasmic localization
      with translocation to mitochondria under cellular stress.
    action: ACCEPT
    reason: >-
      Cytoplasm is experimentally supported, though the main RQC activity is
      cytosolic.
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:28302725
      supporting_text: ANKZF1 is located diffusely in the cytoplasm
- term:
    id: GO:0070301
    label: cellular response to hydrogen peroxide
  evidence_type: IMP
  original_reference_id: PMID:28302725
  qualifier: involved_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Supported but non-core. ANKZF1 translocates to mitochondria during
      oxidative stress and loss of ANKZF1 affects mitochondrial integrity and
      respiration under stress.
    action: KEEP_AS_NON_CORE
    reason: >-
      Hydrogen-peroxide response is an experimentally observed stress phenotype
      and localization context, but the best-supported core molecular function is
      RQC-associated tRNA endonuclease activity.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:28302725
      supporting_text: translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress
- term:
    id: GO:0016020
    label: membrane
  evidence_type: HDA
  original_reference_id: PMID:19946888
  qualifier: located_in
  review:
    summary: >-
      Over-annotated. The source is a high-throughput NK-cell membrane proteome
      and does not establish ANKZF1 as a membrane protein.
    action: MARK_AS_OVER_ANNOTATED
    reason: >-
      UniProt and direct ANKZF1 studies support cytoplasmic/cytosolic
      localization with stress-dependent mitochondrial translocation, not stable
      membrane residence.
    additional_reference_ids:
    - PMID:28302725
    - file:human/ANKZF1/ANKZF1-uniprot.txt
    supported_by:
    - reference_id: PMID:19946888
      supporting_text: transiently associated with membranes
core_functions:
- description: >-
    ANKZF1 cleaves the tRNA moiety of P-site peptidyl-tRNAs on 60S
    ribosome-nascent-chain complexes in ribosome-associated quality control,
    allowing incomplete nascent polypeptides to be released for proteasomal
    degradation and ANKZF1-cleaved tRNAs to enter repair and recycling pathways.
  molecular_function:
    id: GO:0004549
    label: tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity
  directly_involved_in:
  - id: GO:0072344
    label: rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome
  - id: GO:0006515
    label: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins
  locations:
  - id: GO:0005829
    label: cytosol
  supported_by:
  - reference_id: PMID:30244831
    supporting_text: specific cleavage in the acceptor arm of 60S-bound P site tRNA
  - reference_id: PMID:31011209
    supporting_text: polypeptidyl-tRNAs on RQC complexes by precisely cleaving off the terminal 3'CCA
  - reference_id: PMID:32075755
    supporting_text: tRNAs cleaved by ANKZF1 for CCA re-addition
proposed_new_terms: []
suggested_questions:
- question: >-
    Does human ANKZF1 directly drive catabolism of mitochondrial proteins, or is
    the mitochondrial connection limited to stress-dependent localization and
    mitochondrial integrity phenotypes downstream of its RQC/VCP biology?
  experts:
  - Siu Sylvia Lee
  - Shin-ichi Kuroha
  - Sichen Shao
- question: >-
    In mammalian cells, does ANKZF1 act on mitochondria-targeted stalled nascent
    chains through the same cytosolic RQC substrate state, or through a distinct
    organelle-proximal mechanism?
  experts:
  - Siu Sylvia Lee
  - Sichen Shao
- question: >-
    Is the VCP/p97 interaction via the ANKZF1 VIM motif (consensus RX5AAX2R)
    required for ANKZF1's RQC nascent-chain release activity in cells, and should
    ANKZF1 carry a specific VCP/p97-binding molecular-function annotation rather
    than only generic protein binding?
  experts:
  - Alexander Buchberger
  - Sichen Shao
- question: >-
    Does ANKZF1-mediated RQC limit toxic repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)
    translation products in neurons through its canonical tRNA-cleavage/nascent-chain
    release activity, and is this dependent on catalytic activity rather than a
    scaffolding role?
  experts:
  - Peter K Todd
  - Sami J Barmada
suggested_experiments:
- hypothesis: >-
    ANKZF1's mitochondrial stress phenotype is separable from direct
    mitochondrial protein catabolism.
  description: >-
    In endogenous ANKZF1 knockout cells rescued with wild-type, catalytic-dead,
    and VIM-mutant ANKZF1, compare turnover of defined mitochondrial protein
    quality-control substrates with turnover of stalled cytosolic RQC reporters
    after oxidative stress and translation-stall induction.
  experiment_type: genetic rescue and quantitative protein-turnover assay
- hypothesis: >-
    ANKZF1 acts on mitochondria-targeted translation products only after they
    enter the canonical cytosolic RQC substrate state.
  description: >-
    Use reporters encoding mitochondrial-targeting sequences followed by defined
    ribosome-stalling motifs, then assay ANKZF1-dependent tRNA cleavage
    intermediates, nascent-chain ubiquitination, VCP dependence, and subcellular
    localization of the stalled complexes.
  experiment_type: stalled-translation reporter assay