Fungal PAINT Family Reviews

Bottom line: review compact PANTHER families whose GO-Central PAINT
assertions were placed on fungal ancestral nodes, comparing Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, CGD/Candida genes, and at least one
filamentous fungus such as Neurospora crassa. The immediate aim is to read the
PAINT node placement, cached gene references, and any newer literature for each
orthologous gene set before deciding whether the IBA assertions are correct,
over-propagated, or too conservative.

Selection Rule

Families enter this project when the local PANTHER PAINT cache has at least one
IBD row asserted at a fungal taxon node, especially taxon:4751 for Fungi, and
the family has representative members in two or more curated fungal MODs.
Priority goes to families that are small enough for a combined family review and
that include Candida Genome Database seeds or Neurospora crassa members.

Initial Families

Family	PAINT scope	First genes
PTHR11638 ATP-DEPENDENT CLP PROTEASE	fungal HSP104 and HSP78 nodes	HSP104/HSP78, hsp104/hsp78, HSP104/HSP78, hsp98
PTHR24055 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE	fungal MAPK subtrees	HOG1/sty1/HOG1/hog-1 and pheromone MAPKs
PTHR31297 GLUCAN ENDO-1,6-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE B	fungal glucanase nodes	EXG1/SPR1/exg paralogs/XOG1/EXG2
PTHR19370 NADH-CYTOCHROME B5 REDUCTASE	fungal reductase nodes	MCR1/CBR1/cbr1/mcr-1
PTHR10615 HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE	fungal MYST acetyltransferase nodes	ESA1/SAS paralogs/mst paralogs
PTHR43762 L-GULONOLACTONE OXIDASE	fungal ALO1 node	ALO1/alo1/ALO1/alo-1
PTHR35329 CHITIN SYNTHASE EXPORT CHAPERONE	fungal CHS7 node	CHS7/Q5AA40/csc-1
PTHR11635 PKA REGULATORY SUBUNIT	conserved PKA-R node, fungal nuclear node, and broad cAMP-signaling node	BCY1/cgs1/BCY1/mcb
PTHR10868 SIGMA 1-TYPE OPIOID RECEPTOR-RELATED	fungal ERG2 node	ERG2/erg2/ERG2/erg-1
PTHR43290 MEVALONATE KINASE	root mevalonate-kinase node and fungal ergosterol node	ERG12/erg12/ERG12/ASPFU/erg12
PTHR10572 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE	root HMGR/isoprenoid node, eukaryotic ER-membrane node, and fungal ergosterol node	HMG1/HMG2/hmg1/ASPFU/hmg1/ASPFU/hmg2/EMENI/AN1593
PTHR19855 WD40 REPEAT PROTEIN 12, 37	Ascomycota WDR12/Ytm1 node	YTM1/ytm1/YTM1/ytm1
PTHR10969 MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS 1A/1B LIGHT CHAIN 3-RELATED	eukaryotic ATG8 node and fungal vacuole-membrane node	ATG8/atg8/apg-6
PTHR10806 SIGNAL PEPTIDASE COMPLEX CATALYTIC SUBUNIT SEC11	PTHR10806 root peptidase node and eukaryotic Sec11/SPC node	SEC11/sec11/SEC11/sec11
PTHR11671 V-TYPE ATP SYNTHASE SUBUNIT D	fungal V-ATPase subunit D node	VMA8/vma8/VMA8/vma-8
PTHR43607 V-TYPE PROTON ATPASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT A	conserved A-subunit and fungal vacuole-membrane nodes	VMA1/vma1/TFP1/vma-1
PTHR10572 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE	root HMGR/isoprenoid node, eukaryotic ER-membrane node, and fungal ergosterol node	HMG1/HMG2/hmg1/ASPFU/hmg1/ASPFU/hmg2/EMENI/AN1593
PTHR32379 GUANIDINOACETATE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE	fungal Rmt2 N5-arginine methyltransferase node and vertebrate GAMT node in the same family	RMT2/rmt2/ant-1/rmt2
PTHR10340 SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE	fungal Ppn1 polyphosphatase node with SMPD/SMPDL3 IRD pruning	PPN1/PPN1/PPN1/ppn1/epp-1

---

STATUS

Last updated: 2026-11-06

Family 1: Hsp100/ClpB Disaggregases

PTHR11638 contains two fungal PAINT subtrees relevant to this batch:
cytosolic Hsp104-family disaggregases at PANTHER:PTN007521008 and
mitochondrial Hsp78-family disaggregases at PANTHER:PTN000909045.

• [x] yeast/HSP104 - cytosolic ATP-dependent disaggregase; merged in PR
  #3692
• [x] yeast/HSP78 - mitochondrial Hsp104/ClpB paralog; merged in PR #4519
• [x] SCHPO/hsp104 - fission yeast cytosolic Hsp104 ortholog; merged in
  PR #4524
• [x] SCHPO/hsp78 - fission yeast mitochondrial Hsp78 ortholog; merged in PR
  #4521
• [x] CANAL/HSP104 - CGD-seeded Candida albicans Hsp104 ortholog; merged
  in PR #4523
• [x] CANAL/HSP78 - Candida albicans mitochondrial Hsp78 ortholog; merged in
  PR #4522
• [x] NEUCR/hsp98 - Neurospora crassa Hsp104-family member; merged in PR
  #4520

Family 2: MYST Histone Acetyltransferases

PTHR10615 contains a broad eukaryotic MYST histone-acetyltransferase node and
separate fungal Esa1/NuA4, Sas2/SAS-I, and Sas3/NuA3 placements that need
paralog-aware activity and complex checks.

• [x] yeast/ESA1 - NuA4 catalytic subunit; drafted in PR #4604
• [x] yeast/SAS2 - SAS-I catalytic subunit; drafted in PR #4606
• [x] yeast/SAS3 - NuA3 catalytic subunit; merged in PR #4608
• [x] SCHPO/mst2 - fission yeast MYST acetyltransferase; drafted in this branch
• [x] SCHPO/mst1 - fission yeast NuA4 MYST acetyltransferase; drafted in this
  branch
• [x] CANAL/ESA1 - CGD-seeded Esa1/NuA4 catalytic subunit; merged in PR
  #4774
• [x] NEUCR/esa-1 - Neurospora ESA1/NuA4 catalytic subunit; drafted in
  this branch

Later Candidates

• [ ] PTHR24055 MAP kinases across HOG/p38 and pheromone pathways
• [x] PTHR19370 fungal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases

Family 3: Chitin Synthase Export Chaperones

PTHR35329 contains a compact fungal CHS7-family ancestor,
PANTHER:PTN002175570, with PAINT assertions for ER membrane, chitin
biosynthetic process, protein folding, and protein folding chaperone activity.

• [x] yeast/CHS7 - S. cerevisiae CHS7 anchor; already reviewed and aligned
  to the current PTN002175570 PAINT assertions before this project
• [x] NEUCR/csc-1 - Neurospora crassa CSE-7/CHS-4 export factor; drafted
  in this branch
• [x] CANAL/CHS7 - CGD's Candida albicans seed for the
  GO:0006031 chitin biosynthetic process IBD; drafted in this branch

Family 4: MAP Kinases

PTHR24055 includes broad MAPK-family PAINT placements for generic kinase
activity and active compartments, plus fungal HOG/Sty1 stress-MAPK placements
such as PANTHER:PTN001172058 for osmosensory, oxidative-stress, and
stress-activated MAPK-cascade assertions.

• [x] NEUCR/hog-1 - Neurospora crassa OS-2/HOG-1 stress MAPK; merged in PR
  #4570
• [x] CANAL/HOG1 - Candida albicans HOG stress MAPK; merged in PR #4565
• [x] SCHPO/sty1 - fission yeast Sty1/Spc1 stress MAPK; merged in PR #4573
• [x] yeast/HOG1 - S. cerevisiae HOG stress MAPK; merged in PR #4703
• [x] CANAL/MKC1 - Candida albicans Slt2/Spm1-family cell-wall-integrity
  MAPK; merged in PR #5868
• [x] yeast/FUS3 - budding-yeast pheromone MAPK; merged in PR #5872
• [x] NEUCR/mak-1 - Neurospora crassa cell-wall-integrity MAPK;
  merged in PR #5885
• [x] CANAL/CEK1 - CGD ERK/Kss1/Fus3-like MAPK with Cek2-redundant mating plus
  filamentous-growth and cell-wall evidence; revalidated in this branch

Family 5: Fungal Glucanases

PTHR31297 contains several fungal GH5 glucanase subtrees. The current
EXG1/XOG1-family IBA rows split over a broad Aspergillus-root
PTN001262628 glucan-catabolism node, a fungal PTN001262686 extracellular
cell-wall beta-glucan node, and a Saccharomycetes PTN001262687
exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase node.

• [x] yeast/EXG1 - secreted exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase; merged in PR #4610
• [x] yeast/SPR1 - sporulation-specific glucanase in the EXG1/Spr1/XOG1
  clade; merged in PR #4612
• [x] SCHPO/exg1 - fission-yeast extracellular glucanase seed for the
  fungal wall beta-glucan node; merged in PR #4699
• [x] SCHPO/exg2 - SF34 membrane GH5 protein with S. pombe cell-wall
  phenotypes; merged in PR #4701
• [x] SCHPO/exg3 - SF43 glucanase-family protein; merged in PR
  #4702
• [x] CANAL/XOG1 - CGD-seeded Candida albicans
  exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase; merged in PR #4596
• [x] CANAL/EXG2 - CGD-seeded SF1 exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase; merged in PR
  #4618
• [x] ASPFU/exgA - Aspergillus fumigatus SF1 exoglucanase inheriting
  the broad exgD/exgB-seeded glucan-catabolism node; merged in PR #5417
• [x] NEUCR/NCU03914 - Neurospora crassa SF34 exgD-like member; supersedes
  the earlier NCU09652 placeholder, which is a GH43 beta-xylosidase; drafted
  in PR #5433

Family 6: PKA Regulatory Subunits

PTHR11635 contains the root PKA regulatory-chain node
PANTHER:PTN004280545, which carries the conserved cAMP binding, PKA
catalytic-subunit binding, PKA inhibitor, and PKA-complex assertions; fungal
node PANTHER:PTN000908765, which carries nuclear localization; and the broad
cAMP-signaling/cytosol node PANTHER:PTN000180782, which carries cytosol and
an over-scoped GPCR/adenylate-cyclase pathway assertion.

• [x] CANAL/BCY1 - Candida albicans PKA regulatory subunit; merged in PR
  #4751
• [x] NEUCR/mcb - Neurospora crassa PKA regulatory subunit; merged in PR
  #4756
• [x] SCHPO/cgs1 - fission-yeast PKA regulatory subunit; merged in PR #4763
• [x] yeast/BCY1 - budding-yeast PKA regulatory-subunit anchor; drafted in
  this branch

Family 7: Sterol C-8 Isomerases

PTHR10868 contains a fungal ERG2 ancestor, PANTHER:PTN001280219,
with PAINT assertions for C-8 sterol isomerase activity and ergosterol
biosynthetic process. The family also has a broader ER-localization IBD on
PANTHER:PTN001328958; animal Sigma-receptor signaling annotations are on
separate descendant PTNs and do not propagate to the fungal ERG2 genes.

• [x] yeast/ERG2 - S. cerevisiae sterol C-8 isomerase anchor; drafted in
  PR #4725
• [x] SCHPO/erg2 - fission yeast sterol C-8 isomerase; drafted in PR #4723
• [x] CANAL/ERG2 - Candida albicans CGD seed for the
  GO:0000247 C-8 sterol isomerase activity IBD; drafted in this branch
• [x] NEUCR/erg-1 - Neurospora crassa sterol C-8 isomerase; merged in PR
  #4719

Family 8: WDR12/Ytm1 Pre-60S Assembly Factors

PTHR19855 contains an Ascomycota WDR12/Ytm1 ancestor,
PANTHER:PTN000458086, with PAINT assertions for the large-subunit
preribosome, PeBoW complex, and ribosomal large subunit biogenesis. The node is
seeded by curated S. cerevisiae YTM1 evidence, with additional S. pombe
ytm1 support for GO:0042273 ribosomal large subunit biogenesis, and sits
separately from the sibling fungal mitochondrial/peroxisome-fission adaptor
node PANTHER:PTN002336496.

• [x] yeast/YTM1 - S. cerevisiae Nop7-Erb1-Ytm1 pre-60S factor; merged in
  PR #5118
• [x] SCHPO/ytm1 - fission-yeast WDR12/Ytm1 seed; merged in PR #5121
• [x] CANAL/YTM1 - Candida albicans CGD member; merged in PR #5120
• [x] NEUCR/ytm1 - Neurospora crassa WDR12/Ytm1 member; merged in PR
  #5117

Family 9: ATG8/LC3/GABARAP Autophagy Modifiers

PTHR10969 contains the compact eukaryotic ATG8/LC3/GABARAP ancestor,
PANTHER:PTN000103522, with PAINT assertions for autophagosome membrane,
phosphatidylethanolamine binding, autophagosome assembly, mitophagy,
nitrogen-starvation response, and autophagosome maturation. It also contains
the fungal PANTHER:PTN000861115 node for fungal-type vacuole membrane,
seeded by budding- and fission-yeast Atg8 annotations.

• [x] yeast/ATG8 - S. cerevisiae Atg8 anchor with extensive Cvt,
  mitophagy, nucleophagy, ER-phagy, vacuole-membrane, and lipid-droplet rows;
  opened in PR #5258
• [x] SCHPO/atg8 - fission-yeast Atg8 seed with direct PAS, Hfl1,
  Atg38, mitophagy, ER-phagy, and nucleophagy evidence; opened in PR #5256
• [x] CANAL/ATG8 - CGD-seeded Candida albicans Atg8 ortholog with
  autophagy and ER-stress genetic-interaction evidence; opened in PR #5257
• [x] NEUCR/apg-6 - Neurospora crassa ATG8-family member; opened in PR
  #5255
• [x] ASPFU/atg8 - Aspergillus fumigatus ATG8-family member with direct
  GFP/RFP-AfAtg8 literature; opened in PR #5260
• [x] EMENI/atg8 - Aspergillus nidulans ATG8-family member with direct
  PAS and GFP-Atg8 imaging literature; opened in PR #5261

Family 10: Sec11 Signal Peptidase Catalytic Subunits

PTHR10806 contains signal peptidase complex catalytic subunits. PAINT places
generic GO:0008233 peptidase activity at the family root,
PANTHER:PTN000086749, and the eukaryotic ER signal-peptidase-complex role at
PANTHER:PTN000086750, which carries GO:0005787 signal peptidase complex and
GO:0051604 protein maturation. This family is included as a compact
paralog-aware comparison set even though these particular IBD rows are at the
PTHR10806 root and Eukaryota rather than at a fungal-only node.

• [x] yeast/SEC11 - S. cerevisiae SPC catalytic subunit; drafted in PR
  #5264
• [x] SCHPO/sec11 - fission-yeast Sec11 seed for fungal and PomBase homology
  transfers; drafted in PR #5269
• [x] CANAL/SEC11 - CGD Candida albicans Sec11/SPC member; drafted in PR
  #5266
• [x] NEUCR/sec11 - Neurospora crassa Sec11/SPC member; drafted in PR
  #5265
• [x] ASPFU/sec11 - Aspergillus fumigatus AfSec1/sec11 member with direct
  Gel1-processing evidence; drafted in PR #5267
• [x] EMENI/sec11 - Aspergillus nidulans Sec11/SPC member; drafted in PR
  #5268

Family 11: V-type ATPase Subunit D

PTHR11671 contains the conserved V-type ATPase subunit D family. The fungal
node PANTHER:PTN000912657 carries PAINT assertions to
GO:0000329 fungal-type vacuole membrane and
GO:0016471 vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, while broader
nodes carry GO:0007035 vacuolar acidification and
GO:0046961 proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism.

• [x] yeast/VMA8 - S. cerevisiae V1 subunit D with direct assembly,
  rotor-coupling, and vacuolar/Golgi V-ATPase evidence; drafted in PR #5273
• [x] SCHPO/vma8 - fission-yeast V-ATPase subunit D with PomBase ORFeome
  localization and PTHR11671 PAINT rows; drafted in PR #5274
• [x] CANAL/VMA8 - CGD Candida albicans V-ATPase subunit D; drafted in PR
  #5276
• [x] NEUCR/vma-8 - Neurospora crassa V-ATPase subunit D with direct 1999
  V-ATPase subunit evidence; drafted in PR #5275

Family 12: V-type ATPase Catalytic Subunit A

PTHR43607 contains the conserved V-type ATPase catalytic A-subunit family.
The family-root PANTHER:PTN000389800 node carries the rotary
proton-transporting ATPase activity and proton-transport process assertions,
PANTHER:PTN000389802 places V1-domain membership on the eukaryotic branch,
and fungal node PANTHER:PTN001032540 asserts fungal-type vacuole membrane
localization for the vacuolar proton pump.

• [x] yeast/VMA1 - S. cerevisiae V1 catalytic A subunit and PI-SceI/VDE
  intein precursor; drafted in PR #5279
• [x] SCHPO/vma1 - fission-yeast V-ATPase A subunit with PomBase
  disruption evidence; drafted in PR #5278
• [x] CANAL/TFP1 - CGD Candida albicans V-ATPase A subunit with
  filamentation, stress, and acidification literature; drafted in PR #5281
• [x] NEUCR/vma-1 - Neurospora crassa V-ATPase A subunit with direct
  vacuolar ATPase context; drafted in PR #5280

Family 13: Mevalonate Kinases

PTHR43290 is a compact GHMP-kinase family whose local fungal members all sit
in the mevalonate kinase subfamily PTHR43290:SF2. PAINT places
GO:0004496 mevalonate kinase activity, GO:0005829 cytosol, and
GO:0019287 IPP biosynthesis via mevalonate at the family-root
PANTHER:PTN000048555 node, adds fungal GO:0006696 ergosterol biosynthetic
process on PANTHER:PTN000825284, and keeps metazoan cholesterol biosynthesis
on the separate animal node PANTHER:PTN000825262. The same PAINT file also
records the non-fungal branch structure: eukaryotic PANTHER:PTN002214956
prunes the root mevalonate-kinase and IPP-biosynthesis assertions by IRD, while
plant PANTHER:PTN008680403 carries GO:0047940 glucuronokinase activity.

• [x] yeast/ERG12 - S. cerevisiae mevalonate-kinase anchor; merged in PR
  #5765
• [x] SCHPO/erg12 - fission-yeast mevalonate kinase; re-reviewed in PR
  #5358
• [x] ASPFU/erg12 - Aspergillus fumigatus mevalonate kinase; drafted in PR
  #5359
• [x] CANAL/ERG12 - Candida albicans mevalonate kinase; drafted in PR #5361

Family 14: ALO/GULO Aldonolactone Oxidoreductases

PTHR43762 contains a broad GO:0016491 oxidoreductase placement and a
plant/animal/bacterial L-ascorbate-biosynthesis placement at
PANTHER:PTN000356408, a CGD/SGD-seeded exact GO:0003885
D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase node at PANTHER:PTN000356435, a
Dikarya mitochondrial node at PANTHER:PTN001015900, and an IRD on that
Dikarya node that prunes the L-ascorbate process rather than fungal
D-erythroascorbate biosynthesis.

• [x] yeast/ALO1 - S. cerevisiae ALO1 anchor; revalidated without changes
• [x] CANAL/ALO1 - CGD Candida albicans CANAL/ALO1 seed; revalidated without
  changes
• [x] NEUCR/alo-1 - Neurospora crassa ALO-family member; revalidated
  without changes
• [x] SCHPO/alo1 - fission-yeast ALO-family member with PomBase NOT IGC rows
  against exact substrate/process transfer; marked COMPLETE in PR #5368

Family 15: Saccharopine Dehydrogenases

PTHR11133 contains a broad eukaryotic saccharopine-dehydrogenase ancestor,
PANTHER:PTN000123605, that carries GO:0004753 saccharopine dehydrogenase activity and GO:0005737 cytoplasm. PAINT places GO:0009085 L-lysine biosynthetic process on two separate fungal nodes: PANTHER:PTN000875292 for
the NAD(+), L-lysine-forming LYS1/lys3 branch and
PANTHER:PTN000875327 for the reciprocal NADP(+), L-glutamate-forming
LYS9/lys9 branch.

• [x] yeast/LYS1 - S. cerevisiae peroxisomal/cytosolic
  LYS1-family enzyme; merged in PR #5436
• [x] yeast/LYS9 - S. cerevisiae LYS9-family saccharopine reductase;
  merged in PR #5442
• [x] SCHPO/lys3 - fission-yeast LYS1-family member; merged in PR #5439
• [x] SCHPO/lys9 - fission-yeast LYS9-family member; merged in PR #5445
• [x] CANAL/LYS1 - CGD-seeded Candida albicans LYS1-family member; merged
  in PR #5434
• [x] NEUCR/lys-4 - Neurospora crassa LYS1-family member; merged in PR
  #4644

Family 16: Homocysteine/Cysteine Synthases

PTHR43797 is a compact homocysteine/cysteine synthase family. Its fungal
members sit in PTHR43797:SF2, and the current PAINT file places cytoplasm,
GO:0051009 O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase activity, and
GO:0071269 L-homocysteine biosynthetic process on the shared
PANTHER:PTN002887184 node seeded by S. cerevisiae MET17,
S. pombe met17, the CGD C. albicans MET15 member, and bacterial MetY.

• [x] yeast/MET17 - S. cerevisiae bifunctional Met17/Met15 enzyme; merged
  in PR #5451
• [x] SCHPO/met17 - fission-yeast O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase; merged in
  PR #5450
• [x] CANAL/MET15 - CGD Candida albicans MET15 seed with 2024 direct
  CaMet15p biochemical evidence; merged in PR #5447
• [x] EMENI/cysD - Aspergillus nidulans CysD member in the same
  PTHR43797:SF2 subfamily; merged in PR #5449

Family 17: HMG-CoA Reductases

PTHR10572 contains the conserved PANTHER:PTN000060346 HMG-CoA reductase
activity and broad isoprenoid-biosynthesis node, the eukaryotic
PANTHER:PTN000060347 membrane node that carries both ER and over-propagated
peroxisomal localization, and the fungal PANTHER:PTN000832055 ergosterol
node seeded by a canonical sterol-pathway HMGR. The short AN1593 branch is an
exception to the ER and ergosterol propagation, but retains the catalytic and
broad isoprenoid-biosynthesis terms.

• [x] yeast/HMG1 - S. cerevisiae major HMG-CoA reductase isozyme; merged in
  PR #5463
• [x] yeast/HMG2 - S. cerevisiae regulated minor HMG-CoA reductase isozyme;
  merged in PR #5464
• [x] SCHPO/hmg1 - essential fission-yeast HMG-CoA reductase; existing
  exemplar; merged in PR #5460
• [x] CANAL/HMG1 - Candida albicans long sterol-pathway HMG-CoA reductase;
  merged in PR #5454
• [x] ASPFU/hmg1 - Aspergillus fumigatus long sterol-pathway HMG-CoA
  reductase; merged in PR #5456
• [x] ASPFU/hmg2 - Aspergillus fumigatus Hmg1-related HMG-CoA reductase;
  merged in PR #5458
• [x] EMENI/AN1593 - Aspergillus nidulans short pimaradiene-cluster
  HMG-CoA reductase; merged in PR #5459

Family 18: NADH-Cytochrome B5 Reductases

PTHR19370 contains a broad ancestral GO:0016491 oxidoreductase
placement at PANTHER:PTN001833551 that spans fungal CBR1, MCR1, PGA3, and
AlnC-like reductases as well as plant nitrate reductases and animal CYB5R
proteins. Its fungal members split across cytochrome-b5 reductases, Dph3
reductases, mitochondrial adrenodoxin-like reductases, and secondary-metabolite
cluster reductases, so each review needs a paralog-aware check before
refining the root oxidoreductase transfer.

• [x] yeast/CBR1 - S. cerevisiae ER cytochrome-b5 reductase and Dph3
  reductase partner; merged in PR #4696
• [x] yeast/MCR1 - S. cerevisiae mitochondrial adrenodoxin-like reductase;
  merged in PR #4687
• [x] SCHPO/cbr1 - fission-yeast Cbr1 cytochrome-b5 reductase; merged in PR
  #4591
• [x] SCHPO/SPAC17H9.12c - fission-yeast mitochondrial Mcr1-family member;
  merged in PR #4593
• [x] CANAL/CBR1 - Candida albicans ER CBR1-family member; merged in PR
  #4585
• [x] CANAL/MCR1 - Candida albicans mitochondrial MCR1-family member;
  merged in PR #4586
• [x] NEUCR/cbr1 - Neurospora crassa CBR1-family member; merged in PR
  #4590
• [x] NEUCR/mcr-1 - Neurospora crassa mitochondrial MCR1-family member;
  merged in PR #4588
• [x] ASPFU/cbr1 - Aspergillus fumigatus CBR1-family member; merged in PR
  #5414
• [x] ASPFU/mcr1 - Aspergillus fumigatus mitochondrial MCR1-family member;
  merged in PR #5413
• [x] EMENI/cbr1 - Aspergillus nidulans CBR1-family member; merged in PR
  #4741
• [x] EMENI/mcr1 - Aspergillus nidulans mitochondrial MCR1-family member;
  merged in PR #5415
• [x] EMENI/alnC - Aspergillus nidulans membrane AlnC-family reductase in
  the (+)-asperlin cluster; merged in PR #5873

Family 19: Rmt2/GAMT Methyltransferases

PTHR32379 contains a broad eukaryotic root with cytoplasmic/nuclear
localization and generic SAM-dependent methyltransferase placements, a vertebrate
PANTHER:PTN001285367 GAMT node for guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
activity and creatine biosynthesis, and a fungal PANTHER:PTN001285370 Rmt2
node for protein arginine N5-methyltransferase activity. The official PANTHER
family name is GUANIDINOACETATE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE, so each fungal review needs
to keep the GAMT branch separate from Rpl12/RMT2 methylation.

• [ ] yeast/RMT2 - S. cerevisiae protein-arginine N5-methyltransferase;
  drafted in this branch
• [ ] SCHPO/rmt2 - fission-yeast Rmt2 ortholog
• [ ] NEUCR/ant-1 - Neurospora crassa Rmt2-family member
• [ ] ASPFU/rmt2 - Aspergillus fumigatus Rmt2-family member
• [ ] EMENI/rmt2 - Aspergillus nidulans Rmt2-family member

Family 20: Ppn1 Polyphosphatases

PTHR10340 contains metazoan and amoebozoan sphingomyelinase or cyclic
GMP-AMP phosphodiesterase branches plus a compact fungal Ppn1 ancestor,
PANTHER:PTN000818947. PAINT places GO:0000298 endopolyphosphatase activity,
GO:0004309 exopolyphosphatase activity, GO:0000324 fungal-type vacuole, and
GO:0006798 polyphosphate catabolic process on that fungal node, while 2026
IRD rows prune the extracellular-region and phosphoric-diester-hydrolase
assertions inherited from non-fungal branches.

• [x] yeast/PPN1 - S. cerevisiae endo/exopolyphosphatase anchor; drafted in
  this branch
• [ ] CANAL/PPN1 - CGD Candida albicans seed for the fungal polyphosphate
  catabolic-process node
• [ ] CANGA/PPN1 - CGD Candida glabrata Ppn1-family member
• [ ] SCHPO/ppn1 - fission-yeast Ppn1 ortholog
• [ ] NEUCR/epp-1 - Neurospora crassa Ppn1-family member

---

NOTES

2026-11-06

• Started PTHR10340, separating the fungal Ppn1 polyphosphatase clade from
  the metazoan sphingomyelinase/SMPDL3-like branches named by the official
  PANTHER family label. The first yeast/PPN1 review accepts the fungal
  PTN000818947 endopolyphosphatase, exopolyphosphatase, fungal-type vacuole,
  and polyphosphate-catabolism IBAs; treats the S. cerevisiae self-seed in the
  PAINT WITH/FROM column as direct experimental grounding rather than
  circular support; fixes the second polyphosphate-catabolism seed as a
  CGD:CAL* Candida albicans seed rather than the CANGA member; and records
  the newer 2025 polyphosphate-engineering and FRET-assay papers without
  changing the core GO conclusions.

2026-11-01

• Cleaned the PTHR11638, PTHR11133, PTHR43797, PTHR43290, and PTHR10572
  ledger rows touched by this PR shepherding pass. The yeast/HSP104,
  CANAL/LYS1, SCHPO/lys3, yeast/LYS1, yeast/LYS9, SCHPO/lys9,
  CANAL/MET15, SCHPO/met17, yeast/MET17, EMENI/cysD, CANAL/HMG1,
  ASPFU/hmg1, ASPFU/hmg2, EMENI/AN1593, SCHPO/hmg1, yeast/HMG1,
  yeast/HMG2, and yeast/ERG12 reviews have merged in PRs #3692, #5434,
  #5439, #5436, #5442, #5445, #5447, #5450, #5451, #5449, #5454, #5456,
  #5458, #5459, #5460, #5463, #5464, and #5765.
• Confirmed the PTHR19370 fungal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase set is already
  complete across the MCR1, CBR1, and related CYC2-like branches, including
  the October MCR1/CBR1 follow-up PRs #5413-#5415 and #5419-#5423.

2026-10-24

• Added PTHR43797, the compact homocysteine/cysteine synthase family, as the
  next fungal PAINT tranche. The initial batch covers the existing
  yeast/MET17 and SCHPO/met17 drafts plus CGD CANAL/MET15 and
  EMENI/cysD, all of which fall in PTHR43797:SF2 under the shared
  PTN002887184 PAINT node for homocysteine synthase activity and
  L-homocysteine biosynthesis.
• Started PTHR10572 HMG-CoA reductases with CANAL/HMG1. The family review
  already marks the exact HMG-CoA reductase, broad isoprenoid/sterol, ER
  membrane, and fungal ergosterol-biosynthesis IBD rows as sound while flagging
  the eukaryotic peroxisomal-membrane IBA for fungal pruning.

• Continued PTHR10572 with ASPFU/hmg1, carrying forward the same conserved
  exact HMG-CoA reductase, isoprenoid, ER-membrane, fungal ergosterol, and
  fungal peroxisomal-overpropagation decisions into a siderophore-producing
  filamentous ascomycete.

• Started PTHR10572, separating long fungal sterol-pathway HMG-CoA
  reductases from Aspergillus short cluster paralogs. CANAL/HMG1,
  ASPFU/hmg1, ASPFU/hmg2, and SCHPO/hmg1 all remove the stale
  peroxisomal-membrane IBA from PTN000060347 while keeping exact HMGR
  activity and the ER-membrane and fungal ergosterol branches where appropriate;
  EMENI/AN1593 keeps exact HMGR catalysis but removes ergosterol and
  ER-specific terms that overreach the pimaradiene-cluster paralog.

• Re-reviewed the compact PTHR43290 mevalonate-kinase set across
  yeast/ERG12, SCHPO/erg12, ASPFU/erg12, and CANAL/ERG12. The fission
  yeast, Aspergillus, and Candida reviews were updated in PRs #5358-#5361;
  budding-yeast ERG12 was already complete. All reviewed fungal members align
  with root PTN000048555 for mevalonate kinase activity, cytosol, and
  mevalonate-pathway IPP biosynthesis, and with fungal PTN000825284 for
  ergosterol biosynthesis.
• Finished the PTHR43762 ALO/GULO tranche across yeast/ALO1,
  SCHPO/alo1, CANAL/ALO1, and NEUCR/alo-1. The S. pombe review needed
  only completion/follow-up in PR #5368: it keeps PomBase NOT rows against exact
  D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase and D-erythroascorbate biosynthesis, records
  the anomalous deprecated GO_REF:0000025 IGC citation as a source defect, and
  treats broad PAINT/ARBA parent rows as too general beside GO:0016899.
• Started PTHR10572, separating long fungal sterol-pathway HMG-CoA
  reductases from Aspergillus short cluster paralogs. CANAL/HMG1,
  ASPFU/hmg1, and ASPFU/hmg2 retain the fungal ergosterol node where
  supported; EMENI/AN1593 keeps exact HMGR catalysis but removes ergosterol
  and precise ER localization because the direct literature places it in the
  pimaradiene secondary-metabolite cluster.

2026-10-21

• Drafted the compact PTHR10969 ATG8 set across yeast/ATG8,
  SCHPO/atg8, CANAL/ATG8, NEUCR/apg-6, ASPFU/atg8, and
  EMENI/atg8. All six reviews endorse the eukaryotic PTN000103522
  ATG8/LC3/GABARAP PAINT placements and the fungal PTN000861115
  fungal-type vacuole membrane placement. The reviews handled generic
  GO:0005774 vacuolar-membrane rows as broad source annotations that
  should not add a second core location beside fungal-type vacuole membrane.
• Drafted the compact PTHR11671 V-ATPase subunit D set across
  yeast/VMA8, SCHPO/vma8, CANAL/VMA8, and NEUCR/vma-8 in PRs
  #5273-#5276. All four reviews treat PTN000912657 as the curated fungal
  vacuolar V-ATPase node and retain Vma8's contributes_to relation to rotary
  proton-transporting ATPase activity. The set distinguishes the supported
  stress-induced vacuolar membrane-raft localization in yeast/VMA8 from
  unsupported cross-species transfers in CANAL/VMA8 and NEUCR/vma-8, and
  records standalone enables GO:0046961 rows as relation problems where the
  upstream source asserts full pump activity for non-catalytic subunit D.
• Drafted the compact PTHR10806 Sec11/SPC catalytic-subunit set across
  yeast/SEC11, SCHPO/sec11, CANAL/SEC11, NEUCR/sec11, ASPFU/sec11,
  and EMENI/sec11 in PRs #5264-#5269. All six reviews accept the eukaryotic
  PTN000086750 signal-peptidase-complex placement, treat its
  GO:0051604 protein maturation row as correct but generic beside exact
  GO:0016485 protein processing, treat the root PTN000086749 peptidase
  assertion as correct but generic beside exact GO:0009003 signal peptidase activity, and reject propagated GO:0045047 protein targeting to ER where
  it confuses signal-peptide cleavage with the upstream targeting step.
• Drafted the compact PTHR43607 V-ATPase catalytic A-subunit set across
  yeast/VMA1, SCHPO/vma1, CANAL/TFP1, and NEUCR/vma-1 in PRs
  #5278-#5281. All four reviews accept the root PAINT activity/transport node,
  the eukaryotic V1-domain node, and the fungal vacuole-membrane node, while
  handling species-specific biology such as the budding-yeast PI-SceI/VDE
  intein and Candida TFP1 phenotypes outside the conserved catalytic core.

2026-10-17

• Started the compact WDR12/Ytm1 set in PTHR19855 across yeast/YTM1,
  SCHPO/ytm1, CANAL/YTM1, and NEUCR/ytm1; the individual gene reviews
  merged in PRs #5117, #5118, #5120, and #5121.

2026-10-11

• Drafted CANAL/CHS7 to complete the compact PTHR35329 CHS7-family set.
  The review accepts the PANTHER:PTN002175570 ER-membrane, protein-folding,
  and chitin-biosynthesis IBAs, adds the current PAINT GO:0044183 protein folding chaperone assertion as a NEW row, removes the stale no-data
  molecular-function placeholder, and keeps the direct C. albicans morphology
  annotations as non-core outcomes of impaired Chs3-dependent wall chitin
  synthesis.

2026-10-05

• Started the project by scanning cached *-paint.tsv PAINT files for fungal
  ancestral-node assertions at taxon:4751 and child fungal clades, then
  cross-referencing *-entries.csv files for local S. cerevisiae,
  S. pombe, C. albicans, and N. crassa proteins.
• Chose PTHR11638 as the first family because the fungal PAINT split is
  compact: Hsp104-like cytosolic disaggregases and Hsp78-like mitochondrial
  disaggregases. The family also includes a CGD HSP104 seed and a curated
  S. cerevisiae HSP104 review that already records how the current PAINT nodes
  ground the IBA rows.
• Drafted CANAL/HSP104 as the first CGD review. The HSP104-node IBAs were
  accepted, the direct C. albicans heat-acclimation rows were accepted, the
  Candida biofilm row was kept as a non-core phenotype, generic protein folding was redirected to protein refolding, and an abstract-only
  cell-surface assignment was left undecided pending full-text verification.
• Drafted NEUCR/hsp98 as the first filamentous-fungal review. The fungal
  Hsp104 IBA rows were accepted from the PAINT node placements, and the
  similarity-based nuclear localization row was left undecided because the
  cached Neurospora hsp98 paper does not test nuclear recruitment.

2026-10-09

• Drafted yeast/HSP78 as the experimental mitochondrial Hsp78 anchor. The
  Hsp78-specific PANTHER:PTN000909045 IBAs were accepted, the mixed-node
  cytoplasm IBA was marked over-annotated, generic protein folding and
  intracellular organelle lumen rows were redirected to protein refolding
  and mitochondrial matrix, and a direct GO:0140545 ATP-dependent protein disaggregase activity proposal was added from Hsp78 disaggregation assays.
• Drafted SCHPO/hsp104 and accepted the fungal Hsp104-node IBAs on
  PANTHER:PTN007521008. Two narrow localization rows remain unresolved pending
  full-text inspection: the ORFeome-derived nuclear-envelope row and the NuR
  row whose cached abstract shows hsp104-dependent disaggregation but not
  hsp104 localization to NuRs.
• Drafted SCHPO/hsp78 and CANAL/HSP78 as mitochondrial Hsp78 orthologs.
  Both retain the Hsp78-node matrix/refolding/unfolding IBAs, both flag the
  broad mixed-node cytoplasm IBA as over-scoped, and the Candida review now
  proposes GO:0140545 by ISO from SGD HSP78.

2026-10-10

• Opened sibling PRs for the six drafted Hsp100/ClpB reviews: yeast/HSP78
  (#4519), NEUCR/hsp98 (#4520), SCHPO/hsp78 (#4521), CANAL/HSP78
  (#4522), CANAL/HSP104 (#4523), and SCHPO/hsp104 (#4524).
• Started the PTHR31297 fungal glucanase family with yeast/EXG1. Its exact
  exo-1,3-beta-glucosidase IBA from PTN001262687 and fungal extracellular
  wall beta-glucan IBAs from PTN001262686 were retained, while the broader
  Aspergillus-seeded PTN001262628 glucan-catabolism IBA was marked as
  over-scoped for the EXG1/XOG1/Spr1 subclade.
• Merged all six sibling Hsp100/ClpB reviews, bringing the mitochondrial Hsp78
  and cytosolic non-S. cerevisiae Hsp104/hsp98 PAINT checks onto main.
• Re-reviewed yeast/SAS3 in the MYST family. Broad
  PANTHER:PTN004172926 IBA rows fit Sas3's conserved MYST activity in
  chromatin, and the fungal PANTHER:PTN008308138 row correctly places the
  NuA3a complex assertion on the Sas3 branch.
• Re-reviewed yeast/ESA1 as the first MYST-family entry. The current
  PTHR10615 PAINT assertions are consistent with ESA1's placement under the
  broad eukaryotic MYST and fungal ESA1/H4-acetyltransferase nodes; the refresh
  mostly added current GOA rows, removed generic protein binding, and
  redirected a nucleosome component row to GO:0031491 nucleosome binding.
• Re-reviewed yeast/SAS2 in the MYST family. The PANTHER:PTN007449682
  activity transfer to GO:0046972 histone H4K16 acetyltransferase activity
  is correct for Sas2/SAS-I, but the same node leaks GO:0035267 NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex across the Sas2-versus-TIP60 complex boundary.
• Started PTHR35329 as a compact CHS7-family follow-up. Yeast CHS7 was
  already reviewed; NEUCR/csc-1 checks the same PTN002175570 fungal PAINT
  ancestor against the direct CSE-7/CHS-4 trafficking paper and the newer
  CSE-8 paralog paper, leaving CANAL/CHS7 as the next Candida seed to review.

2026-10-11

• Re-reviewed yeast/HOG1 against PTHR24055. The broad
  PANTHER:PTN000622075 Ser/Thr kinase, nucleus, and cytoplasm rows all remain
  appropriate for an experimentally characterized MAPK, and the fungal
  PANTHER:PTN001172058 osmosensory/stress-MAPK placements fit the budding
  yeast HOG cascade. The oxidative-stress IBA is valid but secondary for
  budding yeast, so it remains non-core while the ancestral node itself is
  recorded as NO_FAILURE_NON_CORE.
• Drafted SCHPO/mst2 in PTHR10615. The broad PTN004172926 MYST-family
  IBAs are appropriate for Mst2, while the fungal PTN008308138
  NuA3a-complex IBA is too exact for the related fission-yeast Mst2 complex and
  was redirected to GO:0036410. The direct Mst2 heterochromatin rows were
  aligned with the negative-regulation model supported by the 2011, 2015, 2024,
  and 2026 fission-yeast papers.
• Rechecked the existing CANAL/ESA1 CGD MYST review. The broad
  PANTHER:PTN004172926 MYST-root IBA rows and the fungal ESA1-node
  PANTHER:PTN000834946 H4 acetyltransferase row still align with the
  PTHR10615 tree, while PMID:40988556 remains abstract-free and unresolved for
  the CGD phenotypic-switching row.
• Added PTHR11635, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory-subunit family,
  as a fungal PAINT family. The first two reviews check the conserved PKA-R
  node, the fungal nuclear node, and the broad cAMP-signaling node in
  C. albicans BCY1 and N. crassa mcb.
• Drafted NEUCR/mcb. The four PTN004280545 activity/complex IBAs were
  accepted, PTN000908765 nucleus was accepted as a fungal inference without
  contrary Neurospora localization data, and the over-specific GO:0007189
  GPCR pathway row from PTN000180782 was redirected to neutral
  GO:0141156 cAMP/PKA signal transduction.
• Drafted the yeast/BCY1 anchor review. It keeps Bcy1's starvation, P-body,
  chromatin, and plasma-membrane rows as non-core contexts, narrows TPK
  protein binding rows to protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding,
  removes the Ess1 generic binding rows, leaves an abstract-only
  Siva/PMP22-cited self-interaction row undecided, and removes Ras/Lte1
  bud-neck localization rows where bcy1 was only a bypass background.
• Rechecked NEUCR/esa-1 as the filamentous-fungal ESA1 representative in
  PTHR10615:SF218. The fungal PANTHER:PTN000834946 H4-acetyltransferase
  row and the broad eukaryotic PANTHER:PTN004172926 MYST-root rows remain
  sound against the PAINT placement; the second-pass edits only tightened
  UniProt evidence snippets.
• Added PTHR10868 as a compact sterol C-8 isomerase family after sibling
  yeast/ERG2, SCHPO/erg2, and NEUCR/erg-1 reviews had checked the same
  fungal node placements. The CANAL/ERG2 follow-up accepts the fungal
  PTN001280219 C-8 sterol isomerase and ergosterol-biosynthesis IBAs,
  accepts the broader PTN001328958 ER localization IBA, and verifies that
  animal Sigma-receptor signaling assertions are confined to descendant PTNs
  outside the fungal ERG2 rows.